Table 3.

ANOVA results for health and environmental scores among zoo groups.

Health section	Environmental section
A < B < C (p-value<0.05)	A < B < C (p-value = 0.00)

The ANOVA results indicate that the differences in welfare scores among the zoo groups are statistically significant. Specifically, the order A < B < C shows that Group A (accredited zoos) has the best welfare scores, followed by Group B, and then Group C. ANOVA assesses whether these observed differences are meaningful or could have occurred by chance. Although Group C may have a lower average score than Group B, the difference might not be statistically significant, whereas the difference between Groups A and B is more substantial, leading to the conclusion of A < B < C. The significance level (α = 0.05) represents a 5% risk of incorrectly identifying a difference where none exists. In both the ‘Health’ and ‘Environment’ sections, p-values below 0.05 confirm that the differences between the zoo groups are statistically significant and unlikely due to random chance. Notably, the p-value of 0.00 in the ‘Environmental’ section strongly suggests that the differences in environmental conditions are due to actual management practices rather than random variation. These results highlight the critical role of accreditation and effective zoo management in maintaining higher welfare standards.