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. 2024 Dec 2;14:29978. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-76179-2

Table 5.

Risk of RA in relation to combined atrazine with alachlor and/or metolachlor use.

Ever used1: Non-cases2 Specialist-confirmed cases2 Relative Risk1
(N = 22,320) (N = 161) (95% CI)
N (%) N (%)
Atrazine + alachlor and/or metolachlor
None of these 3552 (18) 21 (15) Reference
Alachlor and/or metolachlor, not atrazine 1534 (8) < 11 (*) 1.39 (0.65–2.96)
Atrazine, not metolachlor or alachlor 3056 (16) 20 (15) 1.29 (0.70–2.39)
Atrazine, and alachlor and/or metolachlor 11,269 (58) 88 (63) 1.84 (1.11–3.04)

1Lifetime history ever used specific pesticides at enrollment (1993–1997) or first follow-up (1999–2003) prior to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis.

2Among participants with ≥ 24 months continuous fee for service (FFS) coverage (Parts A and B coverage without Part C), including an initial ≥ 12-month clean period with no claims for rheumatoid arthritis; specialist-confirmed cases had ≥ 2 claims for RA ≥ 30 days apart plus claims from a rheumatologist. Asterix (*) indicates percent not shown if number or percent not shown due to < 11 in a cell or ability to infer the count of groups with < 11 exposed cases in conjunction with other data presented.

3Relative Risk estimates calculated using log binomial regression, adjusted for categorical age (40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+), state (NC, IA), education (≤ high school, > high school), and smoking pack year.