Table 1.
Summary of the risks for long‐term health consequences in women with POI compared with those with EM.
| Outcome | Study | POI | EM (age, years) | Reference group |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVD, fatal | Rivera et al. [12] | — | HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01–2.05 (< 45) | No oophorectomy |
| Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.08–1.31 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| Xu et al. [25] | HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.64–3.45 | HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09–1.82 (40–44) | Age at menopause 50–52 years | |
| Xu et al. [25]* | HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.86–2.26 | HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.69–1.80 (40–44) | Age at menopause 50–52 years | |
| CVD, non‐fatal | Zhu et al. [11] | HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.38–1.73 | HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.22–1.39 (40–44) | Age at menopause 50–51 years |
| CHD, overall | Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.28–1.76 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Lee et al. [13] | HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.31–1.50 | HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.13–1.24 (40–44) | Age at menopause ≥ 50 years | |
| CHD, fatal | Rivera et al. [12] | — | HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.80–2.44 (< 45) | No oophorectomy |
| Gierach et al. [21]* | HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.19–1.58 | HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.14–1.43 (≤ 45) | No oophorectomy | |
| Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.20 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| CHD, non‐fatal | Zhu et al. [11] | HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.34–1.74 | HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.20–1.41 (40–44) | Age at menopause 50–51 years |
| Stroke, fatal | Rivera et al. [12] | — | HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.54–2.74 (< 45) | No oophorectomy |
| Gierach et al. [21]* | HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.89–1.48 | HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.98–1.45 (≤ 45) | No oophorectomy | |
| Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92–1.07 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| Stroke, non‐fatal | Zhu et al. [11] | HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.43–2.07 | HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18–1.48 (40–44) | Age at menopause 50–51 years |
| Stroke, overall | Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.98–1.53 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Lee et al. [13] | HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17–1.31 | HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.14–1.22 (40–44) | Age at menopause ≥ 50 years | |
| Peripheral artery disease | Honigberg et al. [24] |
HR, 1.34, 95% CI 0.33–5.41 HR, 1.34, 95% CI 0.79–2.26* |
— | Age at menopause > 40 years |
| Heart failure | Liu et al. [14] | HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.31–1.47 | HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.37 (< 45) | Age at menopause > 45 years |
| Atrial fibrillation | Liu et al. [14] | HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01–1.31 | HR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.13 (< 45) | Age at menopause > 45 years |
| Diabetes mellitus | Gierach et al. [21]* | HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.01–2.52 | HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.00–2.10 (≤ 45) | No oophorectomy |
| Anagnostis et al. [2] | OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01–1.20 | OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.03–2.27 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| Arterial hypertension | Anagnostis et al. [3] | OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.97–1.37 | OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.19 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Fracture | Anagnostis et al. [7] | OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.22–1.29 | OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11–1.66 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Shieh et al. [19] | HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.17–2.23 |
5% increase in risk for each 1‐year decrement in age at FMP |
Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| Sarcopenia (muscle mass) | Divaris et al. [5] | — | SMD −0.14, 95% CI −0.20 to −0.07 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Sarcopenia (muscle strength) | Divaris et al. [5] | SMD −0.30, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.01 | SMD −0.15, 95% CI −0.31 to 0.01 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Sarcopenia (muscle performance) | Divaris et al. [5] | SMD −0.13, 95% CI −0.23 to −0.04 | SMD −0.11, 95% CI −0.29 to 0.05 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Frailty | Kojima et al. [17] | — | OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.28–2.81 (≤ 45) | Age at menopause 46–55 years |
| Dementia | Karamitrou et al. [4] | OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15–1.21 | OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.22–1.54 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years |
| Parkinsonism | Rocca et al. [20] | HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.35–5.15 | HR 1.54, 95% CI 0.85–2.9 (38–45) | Median age at menopause 50 years |
| Alzheimer's disease | Gierach et al. [21]* | HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.45–1.43 | HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.43–1.10 (≤ 45) | No oophorectomy |
| All‐cause mortality | Rocca et al. [22]* | — | HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.16–2.40 (< 45) | No oophorectomy |
| Gierach et al. [21]* | HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.21 | HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.17 (< 45) | No oophorectomy | |
| Muka et al. [10] | — | RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.21 (< 45) | Age at menopause ≥ 45 years | |
| Lee et al. [13] | HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.14–1.24 | HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.11–1.16 (40–44) | Age at menopause ≥ 50 years | |
| Xing and Kirby [23] | HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.91 | HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00–1.35 (< 45) | Age at menopause 45–54 years | |
| Xing and Kirby [23]* | HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11–1.75 | HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.86–1.38 (< 45) | Age at menopause 45–54 years |
Note: The bold values indicate statistical significance.
Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EM, early menopause; FMP, final menstrual period; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; POI, premature ovarian insufficiency; RR, relative risk; SMD, standardized mean difference.
*
Surgical menopause