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. 2024 Dec 14;30(46):4864–4879. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i46.4864

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 interacts with cells (schematic diagram). The mechanisms by which lipocalin-2 complexes exert their effects on cells have been summarized. SLC22A17: Solute carrier family 22 member 17; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; ATG4B: Autophagy-related gene 4B; LC3B: Light-chain 3B; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; elF2α: Alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2; ATF4: Activating transcription factor 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NrF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial-derived growth factor; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; LCN2: Lipocalin-2; ARE: Antioxidant response elements.