Table 3. Augmenting MOUD With Smartphone App–Based CM Treatment Outcomes.

Outcome	β (95% CI)	P value
Days of opioid use at end of treatment a
Treatment setting	1.56 (−2.81 to 5.93)	.48
MOUD
Buprenorphine to naltrexone	5.53 (−8.29 to 19.35)	.43
Buprenorphine to methadone	9.15 (−0.29 to 18.59)	.06
Methadone only	0.60 (−3.80 to 5.00)	.79
Treatment group	−6.10 (−8.09 to −4.10)	<.001
Retention b
Treatment setting	38.95 (−0.58 to 78.48)	.053
MOUD
Buprenorphine to naltrexone	−154.72 (−250.23 to −59.20)	.01
Buprenorphine to methadone	−67.11 (−140.02 to 5.80)	.07
Methadone only	35.58 (−4.32 to 75.48)	.08
Treatment group	51.91 (33.86 to 69.95)	<.001

Abbreviations: CM, contingency management; MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder.

^a Linear regression analysis.

^b Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Reference groups: office-based opioid treatment (treatment setting), buprenorphine only (MOUD), and MOUD only (treatment group).