Table 2.
Household Helicobacter pylori infection status and risk factors, n (%)
|
Variables
|
Infected household (147)1
|
Uninfected household (44)2
|
Crude OR
|
95%CI
|
a
P value
|
Adjusted OR
|
95%CI
|
b
P value
|
|
| Family structure3 | |||||||||
| Couple's family | 43 (75.4) | 14 (24.6) | Reference | ||||||
| Nuclear family | 22 (78.6) | 6 (21.4) | 1.19 | 0.40-3.54 | 0.749 | ||||
| Immediate family | 26 (81.3) | 6 (18.8) | 1.41 | 0.48-4.13 | 0.530 | ||||
| United States families | 16 (88.8) | 2 (11.1) | 2.61 | 0.53-12.76 | 0.238 | ||||
| Others | 40 (71.4) | 16 (28.6) | 0.81 | 0.35-1.88 | 0.630 | ||||
| Family size | |||||||||
| 2 | 69 (73.4) | 25 (26.6) | Reference | ||||||
| 3 | 49 (76.6) | 15 (23.4) | 0.38 | 0.12-1.19 | 0.097 | ||||
| Four and above | 29 (87.9) | 4 (12.1) | 0.45 | 0.14-1.49 | 0.191 | ||||
| Household income (renminbi) | |||||||||
| < 10000 | 41 (80.4) | 10 (19.6) | Reference | ||||||
| 10000-30000 | 49 (76.6) | 15 (23.4) | 0.80 | 0.32-1.96 | 0.621 | ||||
| > 30000 | 57 (75.0) | 19 (25.0) | 0.73 | 0.31-1.74 | 0.479 | ||||
| Annual household living area (m2) | |||||||||
| ≤ 30 | 29 (96.7) | 1 (3.3) | Reference | Reference | |||||
| 30-60 | 61 (72.6) | 23 (27.4) | 0.09 | 0.01-0.71 | 0.022 | 0.09 | 0.01-0.71 | 0.022 | |
| ≥ 60 | 57 (74.0) | 20 (26.0) | 0.10 | 0.01-0.77 | 0.027 | 0.10 | 0.01-0.77 | 0.027 | |
| Household hygiene | |||||||||
| Good | 100 (76.3) | 31 (23.7) | Reference | ||||||
| Fair or poor | 47 (78.3) | 13 (21.7) | 1.12 | 0.54-2.34 | 0.761 | ||||
| Eating habits | |||||||||
| Individual dining | 8 (80.0) | 2 (20.0) | Reference | ||||||
| Dish sharing | 83 (73.5) | 30 (26.5) | 0.69 | 0.14-3.44 | 0.653 | ||||
| Both of the above | 56 (82.4) | 12 (17.6) | 1.17 | 0.22-6.20 | 0.856 | ||||
| Use cleaning agents or detergent to clean tableware | |||||||||
| Frequently | 39 (79.6) | 10 (20.4) | Reference | ||||||
| Everyday | 108 (76.1) | 34 (23.9) | 0.81 | 0.37-1.80 | 0.613 | ||||
| Sharing drinking cup | |||||||||
| Rarely | 111 (76.0) | 35 (24.0) | Reference | ||||||
| Frequently | 36 (80.0) | 9 (20.0) | 1.26 | 0.55-2.87 | 0.581 | ||||
| Sharing dental equipment | |||||||||
| Rarely | 135 (77.1) | 40 (22.9) | Reference | ||||||
| Frequently | 12 (75.0) | 4 (25.0) | 0.89 | 0.27-2.91 | 0.846 | ||||
| Sharing towels | |||||||||
| Rarely | 130 (76.5) | 40 (23.5) | Reference | ||||||
| Frequently | 17 (81.0) | 4 (19.0) | 1.31 | 0.42-4.11 | 0.646 | ||||
| Sharing tableware | |||||||||
| Rarely | 69 (73.4) | 25 (26.6) | Reference | ||||||
| Frequently | 78 (80.4) | 19 (19.6) | 1.49 | 0.75-2.93 | 0.252 | ||||
| Source of drinking water | |||||||||
| Tap water | 73 (73.7) | 26 (26.3) | Reference | ||||||
| Purified water | 74 (80.4) | 18 (19.6) | 1.46 | 0.74-2.90 | 0.273 | ||||
| Storage methods for leftover food | |||||||||
| Put it in the fridge | 120 (76.9) | 36 (23.1) | Reference | ||||||
| Room temperature | 17 (81.0) | 4 (19.0) | 1.28 | 0.40-4.03 | 0.679 | ||||
| Throw away | 10 (71.4) | 4 (28.6) | 0.75 | 0.22-2.54 | 0.643 | ||||
P value was calculated by univariate logistic regression, P < 0.05 indicates that infection risk increased/decreased significantly compared with the reference groups.
P value was calculated by multivariate logistic regression and was adjusted with items of P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression.
Infected household is defined as a household with at least one Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected family member.
Uninfected household is defined as a household without any H. pylori-infected family member.
Family structure refers to the relationships between the family members who make up the family. The couple's family is composed of only two individuals: A husband and a wife. The nuclear family is a family composed of parents and unmarried children. Immediate family is a family consisting of two or more generations of married couples, with no more than one couple per generation and no intergenerational gap between them. A United States family refers to a family in which any generation contains two or more couples. Others include single-parent families, intergenerational families, cohabiting families, homosexual families, and single families.
OR: Odds ratio; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.