Table 1.
Effect of 4 weeks pea protein combined with TWK10 administration on individual amino acids, BCAA, EAA, and total amino acid AUC.
| Amino acid AUC (μmol/L•180 min) | Control |
TWK10 |
ANOVA |
|||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Change | Before | After | Change | Group |
Time |
Interaction |
||||||||||||||||
| p | η2 | p | η2 | p | η2 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Alanine | 81810.9 | ± | 14608.2 | 86432.5 | ± | 10976.3 | 4621.6 | ± | 3938.3 | 79209.7 | ± | 17026.9 | 80676.7 | ± | 13034.3 | 1467.0 | ± | 4617.4† | 0.403 | 0.023 | <0.001# | 0.349 | 0.046# | 0.126 |
| Alpha Aminobutyric Acid | 4367.9 | ± | 869.9 | 4102.0 | ± | 1102.7 | −265.9 | ± | 335.2 | 4722.3 | ± | 1790.6 | 4900.0 | ± | 1621.8 | 177.8 | ± | 973.9† | 0.236 | 0.046 | 0.734 | 0.004 | 0.095 | 0.090 |
| Arginine | 27689.4 | ± | 6724.7 | 28672.4 | ± | 5099.1 | 983.0 | ± | 1943.3 | 26355.4 | ± | 5503.6 | 27970.6 | ± | 5882.9 | 1615.2 | ± | 958.0 | 0.622 | 0.008 | <0.001# | 0.434 | 0.252 | 0.043 |
| Asparagine | 16108.3 | ± | 2869.3 | 17096.5 | ± | 3323.8 | 988.2 | ± | 547.6 | 16714.5 | ± | 2301.9 | 17552.5 | ± | 3111.9 | 838.0 | ± | 935.3 | 0.608 | 0.009 | <0.001# | 0.602 | 0.583 | 0.010 |
| Aspartic Acid | 3442.1 | ± | 1043.9 | 3736.7 | ± | 1478.8 | 294.6 | ± | 486.1 | 3387.8 | ± | 1011.5 | 3635.2 | ± | 1100.1 | 247.3 | ± | 292.7 | 0.850 | 0.001 | 0.001# | 0.327 | 0.741 | 0.004 |
| Citrulline | 5797.1 | ± | 989.7 | 5919.5 | ± | 882.4 | 122.3 | ± | 314.6 | 5861.1 | ± | 1713.0 | 6134.2 | ± | 1333.6 | 273.1 | ± | 491.1 | 0.756 | 0.003 | 0.011# | 0.197 | 0.309 | 0.034 |
| Cystine | 3403.6 | ± | 447.8 | 5163.2 | ± | 751.8 | 1759.6 | ± | 334.0 | 3139.1 | ± | 619.7 | 5157.8 | ± | 830.7 | 2018.7 | ± | 284.2† | 0.568 | 0.011 | <0.001# | 0.975 | 0.025# | 0.157 |
| L-Ornithine | 21460.5 | ± | 4996.6 | 20702.6 | ± | 4017.8 | −757.9 | ± | 1954.6 | 17861.4 | ± | 4114.0∗ | 20978.8 | ± | 4836.3 | 3117.4 | ± | 1118.9† | 0.298 | 0.036 | <0.001# | 0.369 | <0.001# | 0.612 |
| Glutamine | 153670.8 | ± | 22643.0 | 151886.6 | ± | 20908.4 | −1784.2 | ± | 6056.1 | 147362.4 | ± | 18267.2 | 157165.0 | ± | 19856.7 | 9802.6 | ± | 2884.5† | 0.943 | <0.001 | <0.001# | 0.432 | <0.001# | 0.614 |
| Glycine | 54315.0 | ± | 10099.1 | 52308.8 | ± | 9035.0 | −2006.2 | ± | 2238.5 | 52225.2 | ± | 11125.4 | 53149.0 | ± | 9622.9 | 923.8 | ± | 2068.0† | 0.860 | 0.001 | 0.166 | 0.063 | 0.001# | 0.330 |
| Proline | 53356.9 | ± | 15871.7 | 58457.7 | ± | 13017.5 | 5100.8 | ± | 4104.9 | 48139.0 | ± | 12686.5 | 51338.9 | ± | 13515.5 | 3199.9 | ± | 4168.3 | 0.212 | 0.051 | <0.001# | 0.518 | 0.204 | 0.053 |
| Serine | 29219.6 | ± | 4430.3 | 30839.7 | ± | 4849.5 | 1620.1 | ± | 781.3 | 29523.7 | ± | 3632.4 | 30749.6 | ± | 6548.0 | 1226.0 | ± | 3072.6 | 0.951 | <0.001 | 0.001# | 0.301 | 0.622 | 0.008 |
| Taurine | 15922.8 | ± | 3305.6 | 15051.0 | ± | 3621.6 | −871.8 | ± | 486.6 | 17970.8 | ± | 3605.7 | 13157.8 | ± | 3997.4 | −4813.0 | ± | 820.1† | 0.952 | <0.001 | <0.001# | 0.950 | <0.001# | 0.901 |
| Tyrosine | 16930.8 | ± | 2850.7 | 17866.7 | ± | 2032.3 | 935.9 | ± | 881.4 | 16537.3 | ± | 2397.3 | 16683.9 | ± | 2841.0 | 146.6 | ± | 923.6† | 0.382 | 0.026 | 0.002# | 0.277 | 0.019# | 0.169 |
| Leucine | 37532.3 | ± | 5972.6 | 37382.7 | ± | 5597.3 | −149.6 | ± | 1015.2 | 35079.5 | ± | 5837.7 | 37512.7 | ± | 5668.1 | 2433.2 | ± | 809.0† | 0.572 | 0.011 | <0.001# | 0.623 | <0.001# | 0.679 |
| Isoleucine | 18020.7 | ± | 2791.9 | 17010.8 | ± | 3174.7 | −1010.0 | ± | 656.7 | 17598.8 | ± | 3472.8 | 19331.7 | ± | 6419.3 | 1733.0 | ± | 3790.4† | 0.506 | 0.015 | 0.458 | 0.018 | 0.008# | 0.213 |
| Valine | 59547.4 | ± | 10092.8 | 59240.4 | ± | 7664.1 | −306.9 | ± | 3623.6 | 52281.7 | ± | 8357.7∗ | 56601.9 | ± | 7863.4 | 4320.3 | ± | 2649.7† | 0.106 | 0.085 | 0.001# | 0.299 | <0.001# | 0.362 |
| Histidine | 18222.3 | ± | 2509.4 | 19107.9 | ± | 2012.4 | 885.7 | ± | 587.5 | 18729.9 | ± | 2001.1 | 19730.8 | ± | 23.91.5 | 1000.9 | ± | 490.7 | 0.478 | 0.017 | <0.001# | 0.764 | 0.552 | 0.012 |
| Lysine | 49994.9 | ± | 7762.0 | 52165.4 | ± | 7362.3 | 2170.5 | ± | 1857.9 | 48895.1 | ± | 5992.9 | 50590.8 | ± | 7385.1 | 1695.7 | ± | 2050.6 | 0.598 | 0.009 | <0.001# | 0.510 | 0.498 | 0.015 |
| Methionine | 5386.5 | ± | 956.9 | 5640.6 | ± | 1164.1 | 254.1 | ± | 390.0 | 5139.3 | ± | 658.8 | 5618.2 | ± | 1395.7 | 478.9 | ± | 774.6 | 0.715 | 0.005 | 0.002# | 0.276 | 0.308 | 0.035 |
| Phenylalanine | 15561.2 | ± | 2098.4 | 16233.9 | ± | 1955.2 | 672.8 | ± | 656.3 | 16252.0 | ± | 1848.0 | 16036.4 | ± | 1892.1 | −215.6 | ± | 378.6† | 0.721 | 0.004 | 0.022# | 0.163 | <0.001# | 0.423 |
| Threonine | 31541.6 | ± | 5526.5 | 31902.6 | ± | 6428.4 | 360.9 | ± | 1281.2 | 31112.2 | ± | 6167.8 | 31402.8 | ± | 8956.1 | 290.6 | ± | 3286.5 | 0.848 | 0.001 | 0.466 | 0.018 | 0.937 | <0.001 |
| Tryptophan | 20593.8 | ± | 3343.4 | 22210.8 | ± | 4553.1 | 1617.0 | ± | 1792.4 | 21234.1 | ± | 3190.9 | 20945.4 | ± | 3303.2 | −288.7 | ± | 937.6† | 0.806 | 0.002 | 0.013# | 0.187 | 0.001# | 0.321 |
| BCAA | 115100.4 | ± | 16049.6 | 113633.9 | ± | 13694.4 | −1466.5 | ± | 3726.3 | 104959.9 | ± | 12899.2 | 113446.3 | ± | 13316.3 | 8486.4 | ± | 4199.7† | 0.302 | 0.035 | <0.001# | 0.455 | <0.001# | 0.626 |
| EAA | 256400.7 | ± | 22798.1 | 260895.1 | ± | 21445.8 | 4494.4 | ± | 4811.5 | 246322.5 | ± | 16784.2 | 257770.7 | ± | 20788.9 | 11448.2 | ± | 8671.7† | 0.364 | 0.027 | <0.001# | 0.580 | 0.009# | 0.208 |
| Total amino acid | 743896.5 | ± | 60680.5 | 759131.2 | ± | 53011.6 | 15234.7 | ± | 12883.8 | 715332.3 | ± | 54404.8 | 747020.8 | ± | 60978.6 | 31688.5 | ± | 11382.9† | 0.321 | 0.033 | <0.001# | 0.799 | 0.001# | 0.328 |
Data are shown as mean ± SD. Treatment effect was analyzed by unpaired Student's t-test. ∗p < 0.05. # presented a significant effect by repeated measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). The changes on AUC were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. †p < 0.05.