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. 2024 Aug 5;14(11):101064. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2024.101064

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

The emerging mechanisms of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) involved in tumorigenesis and progression. SnoRNAs affect the biological functions of multiple target genes, and thus tumor progression, through three main regulatory mechanisms. The first is the transcriptional regulation of snoRNAs, including the crosstalk between snoRNAs and transcription regulators. The second is the post-transcriptional regulation of snoRNAs, including snoRNAs triggering alternative pre-RNA splicing, participating in alternative polyadenylatio (APA) processing of the pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) 3'-untranslated region (UTR), regulating mRNA stability, and deriving snoRNA-derived RNAs (sdRNAs) with microRNAs (miRNA)-like functions. The last is the post-translational regulation of snoRNAs, including snoRNAs mediating adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation and modulating chromatin remodeling. FGFR2: fibroblast growth factor receptor 2; TFs: transcription factors; SFs: splicing factors; CDS: coding sequence; SNORDs: C/D box snoRNAs; RBPs: RNA binding proteins; G3BP1: G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1; NPM1: nucleophosmin 1; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; AGO: argonaute; PARP1: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; DDX21: DEAD-box helicase 21; sdnRNA-3: small nucleolar-derived RNA 3; CHDs: chromodomain helicase DNA binding proteins; H3K27me3: tri-methylation at lysine 27 of histone H3.