Fig. 6.

Therapeutic strategies and clinical implications of cancer-associated small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). (A) SnoRNAs act as liquid biopsy biomarkers for tumor early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. (B) Current cancer therapeutic strategies for targeting oncogenic snoRNAs include antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology, small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/caspase-9 (Cas9) technology, and snoRNA modulator of gene expression (snoMEN) vector technology. (C) Targeting tumor immune microenvironment (TIME)-related SNORA38B by locked nucleic acid (LNA) increases the infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells, and inhibits proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. SNORAs: H/ACA box snoRNAs; SNORDs: C/D box snoRNAs; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; ESCA: esophageal cancer; CRC: colorectal cancer; TGIRT-seq: thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptases RNA-seq; BLCA: bladder cancer; DLBCL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; BRCA: breast cancer; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PRAD: prostate adenocarcinoma; RNAi: RNA interference; sgRNA: single guide RNA; KO/KD: knockout/knockdown; SKCM: skin cutaneous melanoma; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; AGO: argonaute; LNA: locked nucleic acid; E2F1: E2F transcription factor 1; IL-10: interleukin-10; Treg cell: regulatory T cell.