Fig. 4.

In vitro mechanism of FU-SS-IND NPs-induced oxidative stress. (a) Changes in GSH consumption in Hepa1-6/FU cells over time after different treatments. (b) Western blotting analysis of IDO and SLC7A11 expression. (c) The corresponding gray statistics of the expression of IDO and SLC7A11 from (b). (d) The relative intracellular cysteine content of Hepa1-6/FU cells following various treatments and incubated for 48 h. FCM analysis of (e) ROS production and the MFI of (f) DCF in Hepa1-6/FU cells after they had been treated with 5-FU, IND, 5-FU + IND, and FU-SS-IND NPs for 48 h. (g) The FIM images of Hepa1-6/FU cells with ROS production after various treatments. Scale bar: 100 μm (ROS, DCF, green). n = 3, *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant