Table 1.
Demographics and injury characteristics*
| Europe (n = 22849) | India (n = 3904) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Age in years, MD (IQR)
|
55 (32–76) |
27 (18–40) |
<0.001 |
|
Age general population in years, MD (IQR)
|
43 (37–50) |
28 (22–35) |
<0.001 |
|
Age group
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Paediatric (<18 y) |
996 (4) |
911 (23) |
|
| Adult |
13038 (57) |
2804 (72) |
|
| Older people (≥65 y) |
8812 (39) |
189 (5) |
|
| Unknown/missing |
3 (0) |
0 (0) |
|
|
Sex, n (%)
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Male |
13864 (61) |
3010 (77) |
|
| Female |
8985 (39) |
894 (23) |
|
|
Pre-injury ASA classification
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| ASA I |
9099 (40) |
3733 (96) |
|
| ASA II |
6557 (29) |
64 (2) |
|
| ASA III |
5347 (23) |
88 (2) |
|
| ASA IV |
539 (2) |
17 (0) |
|
| Unknown/missing |
1307 (6) |
2 (0) |
|
|
Anticoagulant use (incl. platelet inhibitors)
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| No |
18068 (79) |
3844 (99) |
|
| Yes |
2749 (12) |
51 (1) |
|
| Unknown/missing |
2032 (9) |
9 (0) |
|
|
Injury mechanism
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Road traffic incident |
5913 (26) |
2130 (55) |
|
| Ground level fall |
8639 (36) |
210 (5) |
|
| Fall from height (>1m/5 stairs) |
3511 (15) |
1231 (32) |
|
| Assault/violence |
2451 (11) |
242 (6) |
|
| Sport-related |
784 (3) |
12 (0) |
|
| Other/unknown |
1551 (7) |
79 (2) |
|
|
Location of accident
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Home |
8683 (38) |
1334 (34) |
|
| Street/traffic |
7450 (33) |
2228 (57) |
|
| Public place |
3555 (16) |
270 (7) |
|
| Sports field |
724 (3) |
3 (0) |
|
| Other/unknown |
2437 (11) |
69 (2) |
|
|
GCS at presentation
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| GCS 3–8 |
1661 (7) |
867 (22) |
|
| GCS 9–12 |
915 (4) |
496 (13) |
|
| GCS 13–15 |
18502 (81) |
2521 (65) |
|
| Unknown/missing |
1771 (8) |
20 (1) |
|
|
Total ISS, MD (IQR)
|
9 (4–17) |
22 (9–25) |
<0.001 |
|
Head AIS
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| 0 |
3264 (14) |
8 (0) |
|
| 1–2 |
12038 (53) |
300 (8) |
|
| 3 |
3754 (16) |
2001 (51) |
|
| 4–5 |
3283 (14) |
1587 (41) |
|
| 6 |
279 (1) |
8 (0) |
|
| Unknown/missing |
231 (1) |
0 (0) |
|
|
Radiological findings on initial CT-scan
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| ASDH |
|
|
|
|
No
|
1950 (38) |
1243 (66) |
|
|
Small
|
2126 (41) |
492 (26) |
|
|
Large
|
1044 (20) |
138 (7) |
|
|
Unknown/missing
|
58 (1) |
2 (0) |
|
| EDH |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
No
|
4200 (81) |
1430 (76) |
|
|
Small
|
645 (12) |
297 (16) |
|
|
Large
|
254 (5) |
147 (8) |
|
|
Unknown/missing
|
79 (1) |
1 (0) |
|
| Contusion |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
No
|
1948 (38) |
620 (33) |
|
|
Small
|
2539 (49) |
1098 (59) |
|
|
Large
|
603 (12) |
154 (8) |
|
|
Unknown/missing
|
88 (2) |
3 (0) |
|
| Traumatic SAH |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
No
|
2468 (48) |
1461 (78) |
|
|
Yes
|
2666 (51) |
413 (22) |
|
|
Unknown/missing
|
44 (1) |
1 (0) |
|
| Midline shift |
|
|
<0.001 |
|
No
|
3514 (68) |
1348 (72) |
|
|
0–4 mm
|
580 (11) |
277 (15) |
|
|
≥5 mm
|
918 (18) |
250 (13) |
|
| Unknown/missing | 166 (3) | 0 (0) |
AIS – Abbreviated Injury Scale, ASA – American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification system, ASDH – acute subdural haematoma, CT – computed tomography, EDH – extradural haematoma, GCS – Glasgow Coma Score, ICP – intracranial pressure, IQR – interquartile range, ISS – Injury Severity Score, MD – median, SAH – subarachnoid haemorrhage
*Values presented as n (%) unless specified otherwise.