Table 3.

Components and recommendations of home parenteral nutrition

Components	Recommendations
Protein	0.8–1.4 g/kg/day (0.13–0.24 g/kg/day of nitrogen)
Energy intake	20–35 kcal/kg/day
Carbohydrates	Target: glucose (fasting) <140 mg/dL; pre-infusion/meals 100–140 mg/dL; during HPN infusion 140–180 mg/dL
Lipids	1 g/kg/week containing essential fatty acids
	When more than 1 g/kg/day of lipid emulsion is required, alternative emulsions to reduce the risk of liver disease (olive oil, MCT, and fish oil) should be used, which tends to be high in ω-3 PUFA and α-tocopherol and low in ω-6 PUFA and phytosterol content
Vitamins	Adjustments and supplementations as needed
	Evaluate baseline vitamin levels and to reevaluate them once a year
Trace elements	Adjustments and supplementations as needed
	Evaluate baseline vitamin levels and to reevaluate them once a year
Amino acids	No evidence for routine addiction of glutamine, cysteine, taurine
Fluids	25–35 mL/kg (2–2.5 L/day)
Electrolytes	As recommended daily intake; adjustments and supplementations as needed
	Regular monitoring of chloride and bicarbonate is recommended to assess acid-base balance

MCT, medium-chain triglyceride; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids.