Table 2.

Incidence and hazard ratios of tinnitus among patients according to GERD exposure.

GERD diagnosis	Person-years	No. of cases	Incidence rate (per 1,000 person-years)	HR (95% CI)
				Crude HR	Model 1	Model 2
Unexposed	6,535,305	11,367	1.74	Reference	Reference	Reference
GERD	4,039,581	60,253	14.92	8.32 (8.12, 8.52)	7.15 (6.99, 7.32)	6.65 (6.50, 6.81)
p value				< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, income level, number of gastroendoscopies and visits, comorbidities (gastritis, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insomnia, vertigo, hearing loss) and Charlson Comorbidity Index score in the 365 days before the index date. Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, income level, number of gastroendoscopies and visits, comorbidities (gastritis, gastric cancer, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insomnia, vertigo, hearing loss), and medications (PPIs, H2RAs, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, calcium channel blockers, Ginkgo biloba, steroids), and Charlson Comorbidity Index score in the 365 days before the index date. CI: confidence interval; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; H2RA: H2 receptor antagonist; HR: hazard ratio; PPI: proton pump inhibitor.