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. 2024 Dec 3;14:30123. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78834-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Flowchart of study population selection. Conditions of the mothers in the excluded group: diabetes mellitus (n = 56 885); hypertension (n = 31 104); and other maternal medical conditions: hyperlipidemia (n = 54 015), chronic kidney disease (n = 1446), seizure (n = 10 007), cerebrovascular accident (n = 7373), psychiatric disease (n = 57 191), human immunodeficiency virus (n = 322), malignant neoplasm (n = 14 774), uterine malformation (n = 285), obesity (n = 15 372), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 7891), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 7563), Sjogren syndrome (n = 17 659), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 10 518), psoriatic arthritis/psoriasis (n = 10 896), systemic sclerosis (n = 349), dermatomyositis (n = 1233), polymyositis (n = 611), autoimmune thyroiditis (n = 8630), antiphospholipid syndrome (n = 922), ulcerative colitis (n = 1568), Crohn disease (n = 30 242), thyroid disease (n = 154 313), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 531), and anemia (n = 19 337). Congenital disorders in newborns in the excluded group: Congenital disorders (201 343): congenital malformation (n = 198 480), and inborn errors of metabolism (n = 2863). Medical conditions related to pregnancy (96 679): gestational hypertension (n = 4089), pre-eclampsia or eclampsia (n = 9759), gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 39 498), placenta previa or abruptio placentae (n = 39 736), placenta accrete (n = 394), polyhydramnios (n = 1570), and TORCH infection (n = 1633).