Table 1. Literature overview of intraoral repair systems for fractured ceramic restorations.
| Sl. No. | Author, year | Framework material/Type of ceramic | Manufacturer | Surface treatment | Repair system | Study design | Number of participants/samples | Age | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kiomarsi et al., 2022 | Lucite-reinforced glass-ceramic plates | IPS Empress; IvoclarVivadent, Liechtenstein | Laser and universal adhesive | Composite resin | In vitro | 80 | NA | In comparison to HF plus Universal adhesive, ceramic surface treatment with HF plus silane plus traditional adhesive produced a greater SBS. |
| 2 | Höller et al., 2022 | Lithium disilicate glass ceramic | Ivoclar Vivadent; Schaan, Liechtenstein | 1. Self-etching glass-ceramic primer (MEP)
2. Grit blasting |
NR | In vitro | 60 | NA | Intraoral repair of lithium disilicate glass ceramic when utilising GBL, should include the usage of rubber dam |
| 3 | Benli et al., 2022 | Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramics | Celtra Duo, Dentsply De Trey, Bensheim, Germany | 1. Group H = HF etching
2. Group N = Nd: YAG (neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser 3. Group NH = Nd: YAG laser + HF gel 4. Group E = Er: YAG (erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser 5. Group EH = Er: YAG laser + HF gel |
NR | In vitro | 100 | NA | Clinicians may favour Nd: YAG laser therapy or Nd: YAG laser therapy combined with HF to intraorally repair fractured areas |
| 4 | Polat et al., 2021 | 1. 100% Zirconia | 1. ICE Zirkon Translucent | 1. Control: Grinding | Clearfil Repair and Clearfil Majesty Esthetic | In vitro | 120 | NA | a. For each level of cracked zirconia ceramic, griding with a diamond bur improved the bond strength needed for repair |
| 2. 100% Veneering ceramic | 2. Vita VMK Master | 2. Sandblasting | b. To get an appropriate binding strength between composite resin and a broken zirconia framework, the manufacturer's instructions must be followed | ||||||
| 3. 50% Veneering ceramic + 50% Zirconia | 3. Long pulse laser | ||||||||
| 4. Short pulse laser | |||||||||
| 5 | Mesquita et al., 2021 | 1. Zirconia framework | 1. Lava | Air abrasion, Etchant, Silane | Clearfil Photoposterior | Case Report | 1 | - | When using a direct repair procedure, a problem resulting from a veneering ceramic's fracture or chipping can be resolved promptly and effectively without the need to replace the prosthesis |
| 2. Veneering ceramic | 2. IPS e.max Ceram | ||||||||
| 6 | Hakimaneh et al., 2020 | Feldspathic porcelain | Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc | 1. Etchant+Silane | Tetric N-Ceram | In vitro | 60 | NA | To strengthen the link between porcelain and composite resin, Er: YAG irradiation prior to silane treatment is just as advantageous as hydrofluoric (HF) acid etching and silane treatment |
| 2. Silane+CO2 laser | |||||||||
| 3. CO2 laser+Silane | |||||||||
| 4. Silane+Er: YAG laser | |||||||||
| 5. Er: YAG laser+Silane | |||||||||
| 6. Bur+Etchant+Silane | |||||||||
| 7 | Meirelles et al., 2020 | Porcelain veneered zirconia FPD | VITA Zahnfabrik | Etchant and Silane | FILTEK Z350 | Case Report | 1 | 48 years | Intraoral repairs of chipped restoration were done in single sitting using composite resin that survived for more than 5 years |
| 8 | Sanal and Kilinc, 2020 | Ceramic specimen (VITA VM 9; VITA VM 13; VITA VMK 95; and IPS e.max Ceram) | VITA Zahnfabrik | Air abrasion | 1. Vertise flow | In vitro | 96 | NA | Self-adhesive composites could be used instead of a repair kit with flowable composite for repairing chipping fractures of ceramics |
| 2. Fusio Liquid Dentin | |||||||||
| 3. Constic | |||||||||
| 4. BISCO + Filtek Supreme | |||||||||
| 9 | Gul and Altınok-Uygun, 2020 | One feldspar ceramic and two resin nanoceramics | Vitablocks Mark II | 1. Control Group | Composite resin | In vitro | 96 | NA | a. The ceramic type determines the success of CAD/CAM blocks |
| Lava Ultimate and Cerasmart | 2. Acid Etching | b. Resin nanoceramics are more successful in intraoral repair applications | |||||||
| 3. CoJet System | |||||||||
| 4. Z-Prime Plus | |||||||||
| 5. GC Repair | |||||||||
| 6. Cimara System | |||||||||
| 7. Porcelain Repair System | |||||||||
| 8. Clearfil repair system | |||||||||
| 10 | Dos Santos et al., 2019 | Zirconia ceramic | IPS e. max ZirCAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent | 1. Polished zirconia All Bond Universal
2. Polished zirconia Single Bond Universal 3. Polished zirconia (control) Z-Prime Plus 4. Polished zirconia Z-Prime Plus + All Bond Universal 5. Grit-blasted zirconia Single Bond Universal 6. Grit-blasted zirconia All Bond Universal 7. Grit-blasted zirconia (control) Z-Prime Plus 8.Grit-blasted zirconia Z-Prime Plus + All Bond Universal |
Scotch bond Universal (3M ESPE)
All Bond Universal (Bisco) Z-Prime Plus (Bisco) zirconia primer |
In vitro | 80 | NA | Universal adhesive systems make zirconia bonding easier and make intraoral repair of fracture possible |
| 11 | Gerogianni et al., 2019 | Lithium disilicate | IPS e.max Press and IPS e.max CAD | NR | Fabrication technique | In vitro | 60 | NA | In comparison to the milling, the pressed fabrication method produced lithium disilicate restorations with much higher crown strength and fracture resistance |
| 12 | Passia et al., 2019 | Veneered yttrium-oxide partially stabilized zirconia ceramic | CerconBase30, Degudent
CerconCeramS, Degudent |
NR | Fixed-to-fixed design, cantilever design | Prospective clinical study | 48 | Mean age of women 55.7 years
mean age of men 54.3 years |
After 13 years of clinical monitoring, posterior FDP composed of veneered zirconia with either a fixed-to-fixed or a cantilever design exhibit equivalent survival and success rates |
| 13 | Yadav et al., 2019 | Nickel chromium base metal alloy with ceramic layer | 1. Bella bond plus (base metal) | Etchant and Primer | Clearfil porcelain repair system, Shofu (P and R) repair system | In vitro | 90 | NA | a. Cohesive fractures are easier to repair than adhesive fractures |
| 2. Ceramco 3 (ceramic) | b. The Clearfil repair material outperforms the P and R material utilized in this investigation for cohesive fractures | ||||||||
| c. For adhesive fractures, the material of choice is P and R repair material | |||||||||
| 14 | Garbelotto et al., 2019 | Lithium disilicate based glass ceramic with feldspathic porcelain veneer | NR | Etchant and Silane | Estelite Sigma Quick composite repair system | Retrospective case report | 1 | 60 | a. Failure is a consequence of crack formation during function |
| b. Repair using resin composite prolongs esthetics and function | |||||||||
| 15 | Tokar et al., 2019 | Zirconia ceramic | ICE Zirkon Translucent | 1. Control: Griding | Ceramic Repair N | In vitro | 60 | NA | a. The bond strength between zirconia and composite resin can be increased by applying Er, Cr: YSGG laser |
| 2. Short pulse laser | b. This laser irradiation can be safely used as a chairside treatment method to repair fractured ceramic restorations | ||||||||
| 3. Long pulse laser | |||||||||
| 16 | Tatar and Ural, 2018 | 1. Polymer infiltrated ceramic | 1. Vita Enamic | 1. Control group | Filtek Z250 | In vitro | 48 | NA | a. Different polishing properties and chemical structures directly affect the surface properties and bond strength |
| 2. Etchant | |||||||||
| 2. Resin nano ceramic | 2. Lava Ultimate | 3. Etchant+Silane coupling agent | |||||||
| 4. Sandblasting+Silane coupling agent | |||||||||
| 17 | Libecki et al., 2017 | Zirconia ceramic | Cercon, DeguDent | 1. Silicon carbide paper | Bifix QM | In vitro | 48 | NA | a. Surface conditioning with air abrasion and roughening of zirconia showed durable tensile bond strength after repair of zirconia ceramic due to chipping of veneers |
| 2. Air abrasion | |||||||||
| 3. Special silicon carbide grinder | |||||||||
| 18 | Kocaağaoğlu et al., 2017 | 1. Zirconia | 1. Zirkonzahn | Etchant and Silane | 1. BISCO Intraoral repair kit | In vitro | 90 | NA | Ceramic repair systems can be used as productive and economical temporary treatment of fractured all ceramic restoration |
| 2. Alumina | 2. In-Ceram Alumina, Vita Zahnfabrik | 2. Cimara and Cimara Zircon Repair System | |||||||
| 3. Glass ceramic | 3. Vitablocks for CEREC | 3. Clearfil Repair System | |||||||
| 19 | Ozdemir and Yanikoglu, 2017 | 1. Vita porcelain | 1. VMK95 | 1. Etchant+Silane | Nh.com and Nc.com resins | In vitro | 120 | NA | a. The shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to porcelain was affected differently by various surface treatments |
| 2. Ivoclar porcelain | 2. IPS Classic | 2. Air abrasion+Silane | b. The bonding of feldspathic porcelain is not improved by ceramic particles in the composite resin | ||||||
| 3. Air abrasion | |||||||||
| 20 | Sattabanasuk et al., 2017 | Leucite reinforced glass ceramic | IPS Empress Esthetic E O 2 | Etchant and Silane | Filtek Z350XT | In vitro | 80 | NA | a. The resin-ceramic bond depends on both mechanical and chemical retention |
| b. For resin adherence to glass ceramic surfaces, a silane solution must always be utilized | |||||||||
| 21 | Chen et al., 2017 | Human dentin | NA | NR | Composite resin | In vitro | - | - | a. Silane has no negative effects on dentin bond strength. cross contamination |