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. 2024 Nov 18;43(6):724–738. doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.23.344

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© 2024 The Korean Society of Nephrology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial and No Derivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution of the material without any modifications, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original works properly cited.

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Figure 3. — p53 is activated when cells are subjected to stimuli such as deficiency of triphosphate ribonucleotides and ribosomes, shock, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, apoptosis, aging, and oncogene expression. Accumulated p53 recognizes and binds to p53 response elements in the nucleus and participates in apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage, tumorigenesis, and tissue I/R by regulating the expression of its target genes. MDM2 and MDM4 are negative regulatory proteins of p53. Intracellular p53 content is tightly regulated by MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 maintains the content of p53 in cells by ubiquitination and degradation of p53, while MDM4 inhibits p53 by stabilizing the content of MDM2 in cells. In addition, MDM2 is also a target gene of p53.

I/R, ischemia-reperfusion; MDM, mouse double minute.