Fig. 5.

The coculture of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) with porous scaffolds, along with microscopic observation images. A: The protein adsorption experiment, where the four types of porous scaffolds, each characterized by distinct cellular structures, demonstrate significant protein adsorption capacities. B: The results of the CCK-8 assay, which assessed cell proliferation and indicated a favorable growth trend. C: Live/dead staining fluorescence image of cells on the surface of the porous alloy scaffolds after 3 days of coculture, revealing that rBMSCs effectively spread and proliferated on all four types of porous scaffolds (scale bars = 500 μm). D: Live/dead staining fluorescence image of cells on the surface of the porous alloy scaffolds after 7 days of coculture, indicating that rBMSCs had proliferated and covered the entire surface of the porous scaffold (scale bars = 500 μm). E: The cytoskeleton and cell nucleus using a laser confocal scanning microscope after 7 days of coculture with rBMSCs, reveals satisfactory cell growth (scale bars = 30 μm). F: Scanning electron microscopy to assess cell adhesion and growth on the scaffolds (scale bars = 500 μm). All statistical data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3; ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001).