Fig. 3.

Methods to measure translation. (A) Comparing mRNA and protein levels to look for changes in translation of either one specific protein or multiple proteins using genomic and proteomic techniques. Protein degradation must be accounted for. (B) Labelling freshly synthesized peptide chains with aminoacyl‐tRNA analogues or labelled amino acids and quantifying the incorporation. (C) Assessing mRNA–ribosome interactions, either of specific mRNAs or transcriptome wide. (D) Direct microscopy visualization of translation of specific mRNAs through technologies such as SunTag, shown, which uses colocalization analysis of nascent chain (labelled with a fluorescent anti‐SunTag nanobody) and mRNA (labelled with green‐fluorescent protein tagged PP7 coat protein, PCP‐GFP).