Table 7.
Weight change over four year periods according to four year change in dark and milk chocolate intake
| Increase | Decrease | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β* | SE (95% CI) | P value† | β* | SE (95% CI) | P value† | ||
| Dark chocolate‡ | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0 | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.08) | 0.93 | −0.07 | 0.03 (−0.14 to −0.00) | 0.04 | |
| Model 2 | −0.06 | 0.04 (−0.13 to 0.02) | 0.14 | −0.08 | 0.04 (−0.17 to −0.00) | 0.04 | |
| Milk chocolate‡ | |||||||
| Model 1 | 0.44 | 0.04 (−0.38 to −0.25) | <0.001 | −0.32 | 0.03 (−0.38 to −0.25) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 0.35 | 0.04 (0.27 to 0.43) | <0.001 | −0.40 | 0.04 (−0.47 to −0.32) | <0.001 | |
Multivariable generalized linear regression models (with independent correlation matrix and robust variance) were used.
Model 1: Adjusted for age.
Model 2: Additionally adjusted for ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, and others), family history of diabetes, baseline hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, baseline and change in total energy intake, change in smoking status (stayed never smoker, stayed former smoker, stayed current smoker, changed from former to current smoker, changed from never to current smoker, and changed from current to former smoker), baseline and change in physical activity (MET-h/week), change in alcohol consumption (continuous, g/day), postmenopausal hormone use (women only; premenopausal, never, former, current, or missing), oral contraceptive use (NHSII only; yes, no), changes in alternative healthy eating index (AHEI, five groups), and study origin (NHS, NHSII, HPFS).
AHEI=Alternate Healthy Eating Index; CI=confidence interval; SE=standard error; NHS=Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII=Nurses’ Health Study II; HPFS=Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MET-h=metabolic equivalent tasks per hour; SE=standard error.
Interpreted as four year weight change in kilograms (95% CI) comparing participants with increased or decreased dark or milk chocolate intake to those with no change in dark or milk chocolate intake over four year periods. Data from three cohorts were combined to run the analysis.
P values obtained using Wald test.
For dark and milk chocolate, follow-up periods were 2006-10 for NHS, 2007-15 for NHSII, and 2006-18 for HPFS.