Table 2.
Weighted percentage of children having risk of inadequate nutrient intakes by residence and sex per age group
| Residence | Sex | All | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | Boys | Girls | ||||||||
| Variables | Parameter | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI |
| 0·5–0·9 years | Protein | 8·9 | 4·5, 16·8 | 11·8 | 7·8, 17·3 | 10·7 | 6·6, 16·7 | 10·9 | 6·6, 17·7 | 10·8 | 7·6, 15·1 |
| Ca | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Fe | 71·8 | 61·6, 80·1 | 63·9 | 56·8, 70·5 | 58·7† | 50·6, 66·3 | 74·2 | 65·9, 81·1 | 66·5 | 60·7, 71·8 | |
| Zn | 24·3 | 16·4, 34·4 | 23·3 | 17·7, 30·0 | 16·7† | 11·5, 23·5 | 30·5 | 23·1, 39·0 | 23·6 | 18·9, 29·1 | |
| Vitamin A | 0·0 | – | 1·5 | 0·5, 4·5 | 2·0 | 0·6, 6·1 | 0·0 | – | 1·0 | 0·3, 3·1 | |
| Vitamin B12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| Vitamin C | 42·0 | 32·2, 52·5 | 41·8 | 34·9, 49·0 | 36·0 | 28·7, 44·0 | 47·7 | 39·1, 56·3 | 41·9 | 36·1, 47·8 | |
| Vitamin D | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 1·0–3·9 years | Protein | 0·9 | 0·3, 2·4 | 0·7 | 0·3, 1·6 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·6 | 0·9 | 0·4, 2·1 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·4 |
| Ca‡ | 22·8 | 18·6, 27·6 | 22·2 | 19·3, 25·3 | 21·9 | 18·6, 25·6 | 22·9 | 19·6, 26·7 | 22·4 | 20·0, 25·0 | |
| Fe | 31·7 | 27·0, 36·9 | 37·9 | 34·4, 41·5 | 35·5 | 31·5, 39·6 | 36·4 | 32·4, 40·6 | 35·9 | 33·1, 38·9 | |
| Zn | 47·7* | 42·4, 53·1 | 55·7 | 52·1, 59·3 | 53·2 | 48·9, 57·4 | 53·1 | 48·9, 57·3 | 53·2 | 50·2, 56·2 | |
| Vitamin A | 17·1 | 13·3, 21·6 | 17·1 | 14·5, 20·0 | 17·8 | 14·8, 21·4 | 16·2 | 13·3, 19·7 | 17·1 | 14·9, 19·5 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 12·6 | 9·5, 16·6 | 15·1 | 12·7, 17·8 | 17·4†† | 14·5, 20·8 | 10·7 | 8·4, 13·5 | 14·3 | 12·3, 16·5 | |
| Vitamin C | 38·9 | 33·8, 44·3 | 42·3 | 38·7, 46·0 | 41·2 | 37·1, 45·5 | 41·3 | 37·1, 45·6 | 41·2 | 38·3, 44·3 | |
| Vitamin D | 85·3 | 81·2, 88·6 | 86·4 | 83·7, 88·7 | 85·4 | 82·1, 88·2 | 86·7 | 83·6, 89·3 | 86·0 | 83·8, 88·0 | |
| 4·0–6·9 years | Protein | 0·9 | 0·1, 6·4 | 0·0 | – | 0·6 | 0·1, 3·8 | 0·0 | – | 0·3 | 0·0, 2·0 |
| Ca‡ | 72·7 | 66·2, 78·4 | 74·7 | 70·5, 78·5 | 74·0 | 68·8, 78·7 | 74·2 | 69·5, 78·4 | 74·1 | 70·6, 77·3 | |
| Fe | 34·0 | 27·6, 41·0 | 34·6 | 30·3, 39·1 | 32·9 | 27·7, 38·6 | 36·1 | 31·3, 41·1 | 34·4 | 30·8, 38·2 | |
| Zn | 73·8 | 67·5, 79·3 | 67·1 | 62·6, 71·3 | 66·1 | 60·7, 71·2 | 72·5 | 67·8, 76·8 | 69·2 | 65·6, 72·6 | |
| Vitamin A | 46·8 | 39·9, 53·8 | 54·6 | 50·0, 59·2 | 54·6 | 49·0, 60·2 | 49·6 | 44·4, 54·7 | 52·2 | 48·4, 56·0 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 17·7 | 13·0, 23·6 | 15·3 | 12·3, 18·8 | 15·4 | 11·8, 19·9 | 16·7 | 13·2, 20·9 | 16·0 | 13·4, 19·0 | |
| Vitamin C | 60·2 | 53·3, 66·7 | 64·6 | 60·1, 68·9 | 63·9 | 58·3, 69·1 | 62·6 | 57·5, 67·4 | 63·2 | 59·5, 66·9 | |
| Vitamin D | 92·5 | 88·5, 95·2 | 93·0 | 90·1, 95·1 | 92·4 | 88·8, 94·9 | 93·3 | 90·5, 95·4 | 92·8 | 90·6, 94·6 | |
| 7·0–12·9 years | Protein | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·4 | 1·8 | 1·1, 3·1 | 1·9 | 1·1, 3·4 | 1·5 | 0·7, 3·0 | 1·7 | 1·1, 2·7 |
| Ca‡ | 89·3 | 85·5, 92·2 | 89·9 | 87·5, 91·8 | 88·7 | 85·8, 91·1 | 90·7 | 87·9, 92·9 | 89·7 | 87·7, 91·4 | |
| Fe | 67·6 | 62·4, 72·5 | 61·6 | 58·0, 65·1 | 59·0†† | 54·8, 63·0 | 68·1 | 63·9, 72·0 | 63·5 | 60·5, 66·3 | |
| Zn | 81·3 | 76·7, 85·1 | 80·9 | 77·9, 83·6 | 75·4††† | 71·6, 78·8 | 86·8 | 83·6, 89·5 | 81·0 | 78·5, 83·2 | |
| Vitamin A | 72·3* | 67·3, 76·9 | 66·2 | 62·7, 69·5 | 66·9 | 62·9, 70·7 | 69·3 | 65·1, 73·1 | 68·1 | 65·2, 70·8 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 31·4 | 26·7, 36·6 | 31·2 | 27·9, 34·6 | 30·5 | 26·8, 34·5 | 32·0 | 28·1, 36·2 | 31·3 | 28·5, 34·1 | |
| Vitamin C | 72·8 | 67·7, 77·4 | 77·6 | 74·5, 80·5 | 78·8† | 75·2, 82·0 | 73·4 | 69·4, 77·1 | 76·1 | 73·5, 78·6 | |
| Vitamin D | 96·0 | 93·3, 97·6 | 95·8 | 94·0, 97·0 | 95·3 | 93·2, 96·8 | 96·4 | 94·4, 97·7 | 95·8 | 94·5, 96·9 | |
| Overall (0·5–12·9 years) | Protein | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·8 | 1·7 | 1·2, 2·4 | 1·8 | 1·2, 2·7 | 1·6 | 1·0, 2·4 | 1·7 | 1·3, 2·3 |
| Ca‡ (1–12·9 years) | 74·9 | 72·0, 77·7 | 76·0 | 74·0, 77·8 | 74·6 | 72·2, 76·8 | 76·8 | 74·6, 78·9 | 75·7 | 74·0, 77·2 | |
| Fe | 55·1 | 51·5, 58·6 | 52·3 | 49·9, 54·7 | 49·5††† | 46·7, 52·4 | 57·0 | 54·2, 59·8 | 53·2 | 51·2, 55·2 | |
| Zn | 71·7 | 68·6, 74·7 | 71·5 | 69·4, 73·5 | 67·2††† | 64·6, 69·7 | 76·2 | 73·8, 78·3 | 71·6 | 69·8, 73·2 | |
| Vitamin A | 54·8 | 51·3, 58·3 | 53·4 | 51·0, 55·8 | 53·7 | 50·9, 56·4 | 54·1 | 51·2, 56·9 | 53·9 | 51·9, 55·8 | |
| Vitamin B12 | 25·3 | 22·1, 28·8 | 25·0 | 22·8, 27·3 | 24·9 | 22·4, 27·6 | 25·3 | 22·7, 28·1 | 25·1 | 23·3, 27·0 | |
| Vitamin C | 63·4* | 60·0, 66·7 | 67·9 | 65·7, 70·1 | 67·7 | 65·2, 70·2 | 65·2 | 62·5, 67·8 | 66·5 | 64·7, 68·3 | |
| Vitamin D | 93·5 | 91·7, 94·9 | 93·7 | 92·5, 94·7 | 93·0 | 91·5, 94·3 | 94·3 | 92·9, 95·4 | 93·6 | 92·6, 94·5 | |
NA, not available.
*
P < 0·05: significant difference between the urban and rural children based on complex samples Pearson Chi-Square.
†
P < 0·05,
††
P < 0·01,
†††
P < 0·001: significant difference between the boys and girls based on complex samples Pearson Chi-Square.
‡
Using the cut point method, for all nutrients: estimated average requirements (EAR) from Thai DRI, except for Ca: EAR from EFSA (Allen LH et al. (2019)(24)).