Table 3.
Comparisons of clinical symptoms among NC, AD-MCI, and AD-D groups.
| NC group (n = 42) | AD-MCI group (n = 63) | AD-D group (n = 49) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive function | |||
| Global cognitive function | |||
| MMSE [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 29.00 (28.00, 30.00) | 26.00 (21.00, 28.00) *** | 14.00 (10.00, 17.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| MoCA [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 26.00 (25.00, 27.00) | 21.00 (15.00, 23.00) *** | 10.00 (7.00, 12.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Cognitive domains | |||
| Memory | |||
| AVLT N1-3 (points, mean ± SD) | 19.79 ± 0.71 | 15.28 ± 0.64 *** | 8.24 ± 0.52 †††, ‡‡‡ |
| AVLT N4 [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 6.00 (4.00, 8.00) | 3.00 (1.25, 5.00) ** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| AVLT N5 [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 6.00 (4.00, 7.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 5.75) ** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| AVLT N6 [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) | 3.00 (1.00, 5.00) ** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| RFT delayed recall [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 16.50 (10.00, 22.50) | 8.00 (1.00, 18.00) ** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Language | |||
| VFT-T [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 53.00 (45.00, 60.75) | 45.00 (32.00, 52.00) ** | 18.00 (13.50, 28.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| BNT [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 29.00 (27.00, 29.25) | 27.00 (23.00, 28.00) ** | 21.00 (16.00, 26.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Attention | |||
| SDMT [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 46.00 (39.75, 50.00) | 33.00 (23.00, 49.00) * | 7.00 (0.00, 18.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| TMT-A [seconds, median (Q1-Q3)] | 47.00 (37.78, 63.00) | 74.00 (49.00, 100.51) ** | 142.00 (84.74, 240.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Visuospatial ability | |||
| RFT imitation [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 34.00 (32.00, 35.25) | 31.00 (23.50, 34.00) ** | 12.00 (1.50, 26.25) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Executive function | |||
| SCWT-C [seconds, median (Q1-Q3)] | 68.50 (55.25, 79.25) | 75.02 (62.00, 96.00) | 140.00 (91.88, 196.50) †††, ‡‡ |
| TMT-B [seconds, median (Q1-Q3)] | 130.50 (116.75, 158.50) | 192.88 (133.00, 240.00) ** | 240.00 (240.00, 240.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| Neuropsychiatry symptoms | |||
| NPI [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 3.00) * | 4.00 (1.00, 10.00) †††, ‡‡ |
| CMAI [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 29.00 (29.00, 29.00) | 29.00 (29.00, 29.00) | 29.00 (29.00, 32.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
| MAES [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 5.00 (0.75, 9.00) | 5.00 (2.00, 12.00) | 14.00 (6.00, 20.50) †††, ‡‡ |
| ADL | |||
| ADL [points, median (Q1-Q3)] | 20.00 (20.00, 20.00) | 20.00 (20.00, 20.00) | 24.00 (20.00, 32.00) †††, ‡‡‡ |
†††p < 0.001, AD-D versus NC groups; ‡‡p < 0.01 and ‡‡‡p < 0.001, AD-D versus MCI groups; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, AD-MCI versus NC groups.
NC, normal control; AD-MCI, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease; AD-D, dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; RFT, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; VFT-T, Verbal Fluency Test-all items; BNT, Boston Naming Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CMAI, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory; MAES, Modified Apathy Estimate Scale; ADL, Activities of Daily Living.