Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of mother and children in the SHINE Follow-up study.
| Baseline characteristic | SOC (n = 251) | IYCF (n = 251) | WASH (n = 250) | WASH + IYCF (n = 250) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | Age, years | 25.3 (6.3) | 25.5 (6.0) | 25.8 (6.8) | 26.2 (5.9) |
| Maternal height, cm | 159.9 (5.9) | 160.1 (6.4) | 159.6 (5.6) | 159.9 (5.9) | |
| Maternal MUAC, cm | 26.2 (3.1) | 26.6 (3.2) | 26.8 (3.6) | 26.7 (3.1) | |
| Maternal Schooling, years | 9.7 (1.8) | 9.9 (1.6) | 9.6 (1.6) | 9.6 (1.7) | |
| Parity; median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0; 3.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0; 3.0) | |
| Married | 226/240 (94.2%) | 219/232 (94.4%) | 220/231 (95.2%) | 228/236 (96.6%) | |
| Employed | 10/223 (4.5%) | 20/222 (9.0%) | 24/238 (10.1%) | 16/237 (6.8%) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Apostolic | 123/241 (51.0%) | 111/233 (47.6%) | 112/234 (47.9%) | 110/237 (46.4%) | |
| Christian | 101/241 (41.9%) | 107/233 (45.9%) | 90/234 (38.5%) | 100/237 (42.2%) | |
| Other religion | 17/241 (7.1%) | 15/233 (6.4%) | 32/234 (13.7%) | 27/237 (11.4%) | |
| Gender norm attitudes; median (IQR) | 2.7 (1.7; 3.2) | 2.7 (1.7; 3.2) | 1.7 (1.5; 3.0) | 2.0 (1.5; 3.0) | |
| Perceived social support; median (IQR) | 3.5 (3.1; 3.9) | 3.7 (3.1; 4.1) | 3.6 (3.2; 3.1) | 3.7 (3.2; 4.0) | |
| Household characteristics | Size, median (IQR) | 5.0 (3.0; 6.0) | 5.0 (4.0; 7.0) | 5.0 (3.0; 6.0) | 5.0 (4.0; 6.0) |
| Wealth quintiles | |||||
| First (lowest) | 48/223 (21.5%) | 34/222 (15.3%) | 46/237 (19.4%) | 37/236 (15.7%) | |
| Second | 40/223 (17.9%) | 35/222 (15.8%) | 43/237 (18.1%) | 50/236 (21.2%) | |
| Third | 41/223 (18.4%) | 58/222 (26.1%) | 48/237 (20.3%) | 40/236 (17.0%) | |
| Fourth | 40/223 (17.9%) | 46/222 (20.7%) | 52/237 (21.9%) | 62/236 (26.3%) | |
| Fifth (highest) | 54/223 (24.2%) | 49/222 (22.1%) | 48/237 (20.3%) | 47/236 (19.9%) | |
| Electricity to home | 7/222 (3.2%) | 11/221 (5.0%) | 9/238 (3.8%) | 4/237 (1.7%) | |
| Other electricity | Generator | 8/222 (3.6%) | 9/221 (4.1%) | 6/238 (2.5%) | 9/237 (3.8%) |
| Solar | 148/222 (66.7%) | 156/221 (70.6%) | 165/238 (69.3%) | 165/237 (69.6%) | |
| Inverter | 4/222 (1.8%) | 3/221 (1.4%) | 4/238 (1.7%) | 2/237 (0.8%) | |
| no other type | 62/222 (27.9%) | 53/221 (24.0%) | 63/238 (26.5%) | 61/237 (25.7%) | |
| Sanitation | Any latrine | 73/222 (32.9%) | 88/220 (40.0%) | 96/234 (41.0%) | 88/227 (38.8%) |
| Improved latrine | 60/222 (27.0%) | 73/220 (33.2%) | 83/233 (35.6%) | 75/227 (33.0%) | |
| Water | Main source of household drinking water is improved | 148/222 (66.7%) | 155/220 (70.5%) | 154/233 (66.1%) | 163/229 (71.2%) |
| Treat drinking water to make it safer | 39/221 (17.6%) | 35/219 (16.0%) | 36/232 (15.5%) | 19/227 (8.3%) | |
| 1 way walk time to fetch water, mins; median (IQR) | 10.0 (5.0; 20.0) | 10.0 (5.0; 20.0) | 10.0 (5.0; 20.0) | 10.0 (5.0; 20.0) | |
| Per capita water volume, L; median (IQR) | 6.7 (4.2; 10.0) | 6.7 (4.0; 10.0) | 6.7 (5.0; 10.0) | 6.7 (4.4; 10.0) | |
| Hygiene | Handwashing station with water | 16/216 (7.4%) | 11/214 (5.1%) | 36/229 (15.7%) | 38/221 (17.2%) |
| Improved floor | 116/217 (53.5%) | 115/220 (52.3%) | 137/233 (58.8%) | 119/234 (50.9%) | |
| Own chickens | 177/224 (79.0%) | 187/222 (84.2%) | 190/236 (80.5%) | 199/237 (84.0%) | |
| Faeces observed in yard | 75/239 (31.4%) | 92/242 (38.0%) | 87/240 (36.3%) | 69/241 (28.6%) | |
| Diet quality and food security | Household meets minimum dietary diversity score | 76/213 (35.7%) | 87/214 (40.7%) | 83/227 (36.6%) | 85/230 (37.0%) |
| Coping Strategies index; median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.0; 6.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 5.0) | 0.0 (0.0; 5.0) | 1.0 (0.0; 6.0) | |
| Child characteristics | Female | 120/251 (47.8%) | 121/251 (48.2%) | 141/250 (56.4%) | 129/250 (51.6%) |
| Birthweight, kg | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.4) | |
| Low birthweight (<2.5 kg) | 25/237 (10.6%) | 20/240 (8.3%) | 28/242 (11.6%) | 17/238 (7.1%) | |
| Institutional delivery | 213/238 (89.5%) | 215/232 (92.7%) | 211/235 (89.8%) | 216/230 (93.9%) | |
| Vaginal delivery | 235/246 (95.5%) | 224/236 (94.9%) | 231/245 (94.3%) | 219/238 (92.0%) | |
| Trial outcome at 18 months | LAZ at 18 months | −1.6 (1.0) | −1.4 (1.1) | −1.6 (1.0) | −1.5 (1.0) |
| Stunted at 18 months | 87/249 (34.9%) | 61/249 (24.5%) | 80/247 (32.4%) | 70/248 (28.2%) | |
| WAZ at 18 months | −0.8 (1.0) | −0.6 (1.0) | −0.8 (1.0) | −0.8 (0.9) | |
| Head circumference Z-score at 18 months | −0.2 (1.0) | −0.2 (1.0) | −0.3 (1.1) | −0.2 (1.1) | |
| MUAC Z-score at 18 months | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.2 (0.9) | −0.01 (0.9) | 0.1 (0.8) |
n: number, %: percentage, SD, standard deviation; LAZ, length for age Z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; MUAC, mid upper arm circumference; IQR, interquartile range. Data are n or n (%), or mean (SD), unless otherwise specified. Maternal and household data were collected approximately 2 weeks after consent was provided (roughly 14 weeks' gestation). This gap resulted in some loss to follow-up between consent and baseline; thus, the number of mothers completing baseline visit is less than the number of mothers with live births. Baseline for infants was at birth. Improved floor defined as concrete, brick, cement or tile; unimproved floor defined as mud, earth, sand, or dung.