Extended Data Fig. 1. Overview of flight tracks, NPF events and schematic of the isoprene-driven NPF.
a, HALO aircraft flight tracks during CAFE-Brazil. RF 19, described in detail in this study, is highlighted in orange. b, NPF events over the Amazon basin and adjacent areas. Flight path segments are shown as black lines for flight altitudes >8 km for all research flights RF 05 to RF 20 in Brazil (except RF 16, and for RF 17, channel N2 is replaced by channel N3). NPF data points are coloured according to the local time of measurement. c, Transport and chemistry of isoprene-driven NPF. Emission of isoprene by vegetation, transport to the upper troposphere by nocturnal deep convection, photochemical formation of first-generation and second-generation oxidation products owing to reactions involving OH and NO at upper tropospheric temperatures, NPF from isoprene-derived organonitrates, zonal and downward transport, aerosol growth to CCN size and activation of CCN into cloud droplets. Satellite picture data in a and b from https://wvs.earthdata.nasa.gov.