Fig. 1. Age-related expansion of blood vessels in adult skull.
a. Transverse view of mouse skull at the indicated stages of adulthood and ageing. Scale bars, 1 mm. b,c, In vivo immunofluorescence staining of blood vessels in skull showing substantial vascular expansion (b) and changes in vessel branching and morphology (c). Representative images from three independent experiments. Scale bars, 1 mm (b) and 500 μm (c). d, Quantification of vascular area, diameter and endomucin expression in different skull parts from young (Y), middle-aged (M), old (O) and geriatric (G) mice. For vascular area and endomucin expression, each dot indicates a value from 1 mouse and n = 4 mice per group from 3 independent experiments. For sinus diameter, each dot indicates a randomly selected vessel from all four mice. Data are mean ± s.d. P values from Tukey multiple comparison test (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)). MFI, mean fluorescence intensity.