Fig. 11.

Multiscale biofabrication techniques. a Bio-assembling macro-scale, lumised airway tubes (reproduced from Ref. [158], Copyright 2021, with permission from the authors, licensed under CC BY). b Suspended piezoelectric nanofibre networks for acoustic sensing. c 3D printing of soft biomaterials. d 3D printing suspended fibres for cell culture (reproduced from Ref. [163], Copyright 2019, with permission from the American Chemical Society). e Microfluidic cell culture with microvessels (reproduced from Ref. [154], Copyright 2021, with permission from the authors, licensed under CC BY 3.0). f Cell ‘morphing’ on extracellular matrix analogues (reproduced from Ref. [164], Copyright 2014, with permission from the authors, licensed under CC BY)