Fig. 4.

Applications of polymers and polymer nanocomposites in biomedical engineering and healthcare. a Diagram showing some important applications of polymers and polymer nanocomposites: b microspheres for drug delivery and injection therapy (reproduced from Ref. [73], Copyright 2015, with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry), c bilayered porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (reproduced from Ref. [75], Copyright 2021, with permission from the authors, licensed under CC BY 4.0), d hydrogel microfibres (reproduced from Ref. [77], Copyright 2017, with permission from the American Chemical Society), e a pH-sensitive polymer (reproduced from Ref. [76], Copyright 2018, with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry), f a self-healing polymer nanocomposite as a flexible electronic device (reproduced from Ref. [85], Copyright 2016, with permission from the American Chemical Society), and g a strain sensor for monitoring joint movements (reproduced from Ref. [86], Copyright 2017, with permission from the American Chemical Society)