Fig. 3.

Cytokine profiling in response to ventilation strategies. The cytokine levels in two distinct groups were assessed at three critical timepoints during the experiment. Blood samples were collected at T0, before the induction of ARDS; T1, following 60 min of ventilation with low CVP; and T2, after an additional 60 min of ventilation with high CVP. The cytokines analyzed included TNF-α, IL-6, Ang-2, and vWF, with a focus on elucidating differences between the two groups. At the T1 timepoint, it was observed that the high DP group exhibited a significant elevation in TNF-α levels compared to the low DP group. However, no significant differences were noted in the other cytokines at this juncture. At the T2 timepoint, the high DP group displayed higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6,Ang-2 and vWF in comparison with the low DP group. In addition, in the LDP group, the levels of TNF-α, vWF, and Ang-2 were higher at T1 than at T2, while no significant difference was found between T1 and T2 in HDP group. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; Ang-2, angiopoietin-2; vWF, von Willebrand Factor. * indicates a statistically significant difference between LDP group and HDP group. # indicates a statistically significant difference between T1 and T2