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. 2024 Dec 5;10:184. doi: 10.1038/s41378-024-00817-y

Fig. 2. Intracellular-like supra- and sub-threshold recordings obtained from primary hippocampal neurons using NEAs.

Fig. 2

a Schematic showing coating protocol for seeding primary neurons on NEAs, as well as inset with schematic of targeted ion channels during pharmacological interrogation. Created in BioRender. Lab, B. (2023) B. b Brightfield image of neuronal network on top of NEA. c Representative 200s-long trace showing spontaneous intracellular-like signals from a single channel (n = 4 separate seeding experiments with 3–4 devices per seeding round). d Zoomed-in trace showing representative supra-threshold “action potentials” and sub-threshold potentials. e Frequency spectrogram used to validate intracellular-like signals and discern supra- (>100 Hz) and sub-threshold potentials (<100 Hz). Recording before (f), and after kainate addition (g), and after TTX addition (h) to the media (n = 2 separate pharmacological experiments, with 3 devices per experiment). i Histogram summarizing all collected sub-threshold spikes (N = 192), showing putative quantization of subthreshold potentials