Fig. 3.

Illustrations of essential steps involving CFD mesh generation: (a) Detection of terminal points of the vascular structure, (b) Creation of initial open ends for the inlet and outlets, (c) Manual selection of additional cut points, (d) Implementation of new cuts based on manually selected points, (e) Removal of to-be-eliminated regions, and (f) Addition of flow extensions, alongside surface smoothing. In (a), the blue dots denote the locations of endpoints selected automatically, while in (c), the red dots indicate the locations of these manually selected points.