Table 2.
Sub-group analyses of the pooled odds ratios for the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
| Variables |
Datasets
(n) |
Pooled prevalence of outcome in cases % (95% CI) |
Pooled prevalence of outcome in controls % (95% CI) |
Odds ratios (95% CI) |
Heterogeneity (I2%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 | |||||
| General | 50 | 9.63 (8.76–10.51) | 4.69 (4.27–5.11) | 1.9 (1.54–2.35) | 97.6 |
| Type of studies | |||||
| GDM-based | 34 | 9.24 (8.06–10.42) | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) | 2.01 (1.49–2.71) | 94.64 |
| NRDS-based | 16 | 10.11 (8.85–11.37) | 5.63 (5.01–6.25) | 1.74 (1.34–2.27) | 97.81 |
| Study design | |||||
| Case-control | 13 | 11.42 (8.21–14.63) | 7.66 (6.01–9.31) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 83.84 |
| Prospective cohort | 9 | 6.83 (4.09–9.58) | 2.32 (1.19–3.46) | 2.7 (1.6–4.4) | 48.92 |
| Retrospective cohort | 28 | 11.56 (10.36–12.77) | 6.34 (5.61–7.08) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 98.82 |
| Gestational age | |||||
| Term | 19 | 6.21 (5.09–7.32) | 6.24 (5.37–7.11) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 99.15 |
| Preterm | 10 | 20.71 (14.19–27.24) | 12.85 (9.81–15.89) | 1.8 (1.4–2.2) | 51.46 |
| Not specified | 21 | 14.07 (11.66–16.49) | 4.36 (3.48–5.25) | 2.38 (1.67–3.41) | 89.55 |
| Diagnostic method | |||||
| OGTT | 31 | 8.86 (7.77–9.95) | 2.58 (2.33–2.83) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 86.81 |
| MR or ICD | 19 | 9.32 (8.14–10.49) | 3.90 (3.41–4.39) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 98.6 |
| Study quality | |||||
| High | 44 | 7.49 (6.68–8.29) | 4.96 (4.51–5.40) | 1.71 (1.41–2.08) | 97.17 |
| Moderate | 6 | 32.41 (-3.44-68.26) | 10.28 (5.91–14.66) | 6.80 (3.96–11.69) | 0 |
| Publish year | |||||
| 2002–2010 | 6 | 9.63 (8.76–10.51) | 1.82 (0.64–3.01) | 2.92 (1.18–7.22) | 78.65 |
| 2011–2019 | 24 | 6.21 (5.24–7.18) | 3.93 (3.37–4.48) | 1.87 (1.45–2.40) | 97.8 |
| 2020–2024 | 20 | 21.23 (17.64–24.81) | 8.50 (7.51–9.48) | 1.85 (1.24–2.75) | 95.31 |
| Income levels | |||||
| High | 30 | 7.05 (6.11–7.98) | 5.64 (4.95–6.34) | 1.79 (1.31–2.44) | 98.99 |
| Lower middle | 9 | 20.23 (8.02–32.45) | 5.96 (3.33–8.60) | 2.96 (1.98–4.43) | 17.61 |
| Upper middle | 11 | 20.59 (15.20-25.99) | 12.61 (9.78–15.45) | 1.97 (1.49–2.60) | 53.55 |
| WHO regions | |||||
| Western Pacific | 5 | 9.65 (3.75–15.55) | 9.01 (3.03–14.99) | 1.37 (0.57–3.34) | 76.73 |
| South-East Asian | 17 | 5.68 (4.52–6.84) | 4.13 (3.24–5.01) | 2.07 (1.45–2.97) | 98.76 |
| Latin America | 2 | 2.19 (0.68–3.70) | 2.17 (0.98–3.36) | 2.43 (1.46–4.04) | 0 |
| European | 5 | 6.00 (4.57–7.43) | 3.58 (3.14–4.03) | 1.76 (1.10–2.81) | 95.59 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 7 | 25.72 (8.32–43.11) | 10.46 (6.26–14.65) | 3.12 (1.81–5.39) | 43.78 |
| North America | 14 | 16.81 (14.15–19.47) | 9.98 (8.78–11.18) | 1.66 (1.07–2.58) | 93.68 |
| Type of RDS | |||||
| RDS | 2 | 6.66 (5.60–7.71) | 3.30 (3.15–3.46) | 2.78 (1.29–5.95) | 74.15 |
| ARDS | 48 | 9.65 (8.76–10.54) | 4.71 (4.28–5.14) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 97.67 |
Abbreviations: MR, medical redords; GDB, gestational diabetes mellitus; NRDS, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases codes; OGTT, Oral glucose tolerance tests