Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all participants according to quartiles of DII
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 1289) | (n = 1282) | (n = 1293) | (n = 1288) | ||
| Age (Years) | 53.22 ± 16.40 | 52.82 ± 17.59 | 53.63 ± 17.12 | 53.31 ± 17.88 | 0.698 |
| Gender (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 791 (61.40%) | 687 (53.60%) | 596 (46.10%) | 489 (38.00%) | |
| Female | 498 (38.60%) | 595 (46.40%) | 697 (53.90%) | 799 (62.00%) | |
| Race (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 162 (12.60%) | 170 (13.30%) | 151 (11.70%) | 122 (9.50%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 265 (20.60%) | 183 (14.30%) | 153 (11.80%) | 94 (7.30%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 188 (14.60%) | 219 (17.10%) | 320 (24.70%) | 348 (27.00%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 498 (38.60%) | 548 (42.70%) | 502 (38.80%) | 557 (43.20%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 137 (10.60%) | 124 (9.70%) | 108 (8.40%) | 115 (8.90%) | |
| Other Races | 39 (3.00%) | 38 (3.00%) | 59 (4.60%) | 52 (4.00%) | |
| Edu (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Below college | 374 (29.00%) | 458 (35.70%) | 559 (43.20%) | 703 (54.60%) | |
| College and above | 915 (71.00%) | 824 (64.30%) | 734 (56.80%) | 585 (45.40%) | |
| PIR | 3.06 ± 1.67 | 2.75 ± 1.63 | 2.51 ± 1.55 | 2.12 ± 1.45 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/mˆ2) | 26.80 [23.80, 30.90] | 28.30 [24.52, 32.30] | 28.00 [24.50, 33.20] | 29.40 [25.20, 34.80] | < 0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 97.57 ± 15.41 | 100.07 ± 16.18 | 100.55 ± 16.85 | 102.94 ± 17.49 | < 0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.57 [0.51, 0.63] | 0.59 [0.53, 0.66] | 0.59 [0.54, 0.67] | 0.62 [0.55, 0.69] | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmhg) | 123.96 ± 18.48 | 124.37 ± 17.48 | 126.24 ± 18.98 | 126.70 ± 20.59 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmhg) | 70.51 ± 11.70 | 69.81 ± 12.62 | 70.39 ± 12.76 | 69.73 ± 13.66 | 0.294 |
| TC (mg/dl) | 187.63 ± 39.96 | 184.41 ± 40.89 | 189.04 ± 38.35 | 189.46 ± 45.40 | 0.008 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 117.30 ± 99.50 | 113.84 ± 77.68 | 117.27 ± 91.30 | 120.64 ± 101.21 | 0.328 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 54.14 ± 15.94 | 52.83 ± 15.06 | 53.58 ± 15.31 | 51.45 ± 13.88 | < 0.001 |
| ALB (g/dl) | 4.25 ± 0.31 | 4.19 ± 0.33 | 4.15 ± 0.34 | 4.10 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24.07 ± 13.74 | 22.96 ± 12.28 | 23.07 ± 15.87 | 21.65 ± 16.13 | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.44 ± 13.13 | 22.89 ± 8.33 | 23.66 ± 25.86 | 22.63 ± 25.07 | 0.084 |
| GGT (U/L) | 25.67 ± 22.93 | 25.15 ± 29.30 | 28.80 ± 33.92 | 29.18 ± 37.62 | 0.001 |
| PLT (1000cells/μl) | 226.48 ± 57.96 | 229.03 ± 59.39 | 231.98 ± 62.22 | 237.48 ± 65.10 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking_status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 686 (65.00%) | 657 (64.30%) | 623 (60.40%) | 561 (53.40%) | |
| Former smoker | 298 (28.20%) | 260 (25.40%) | 251 (24.30%) | 267 (25.40%) | |
| Current smoker | 72 (6.80%) | 105 (10.30%) | 157 (15.20%) | 222 (21.10%) | |
| Hypertension (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 583 (45.20%) | 567 (44.20%) | 620 (48.00%) | 679 (52.70%) | |
| No | 706 (54.80%) | 715 (55.80%) | 673 (52.00%) | 609 (47.30%) | |
| Diabetes (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 251 (19.50%) | 279 (21.80%) | 330 (25.50%) | 350 (27.20%) | |
| No | 1038 (80.50%) | 1003 (78.20%) | 963 (74.50%) | 938 (72.80%) | |
| NAFLD (n, %) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 532 (41.30%) | 617 (48.10%) | 635 (49.10%) | 719 (55.80%) | |
| No | 757 (58.70%) | 665 (51.90%) | 658 (50.90%) | 569 (44.20%) | |
| Advanced_fibrosis (n, %) | 0.002 | ||||
| Yes | 109 (20.60%) | 166 (27.00%) | 164 (25.80%) | 217 (30.20%) | |
| No | 421 (79.40%) | 448 (73.00%) | 471 (74.20%) | 502 (69.80%) | |
| DII | −1.31 [−2.21, −0.65] | 0.78 [0.36, 1.18] | 2.20 [1.89, 2.54] | 3.62 [3.26, 4.02] | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: DII dietary inflammatory index. Q1: -5.20 < DII < −0.09. Q2: -0.09 ≤ DII < 1.54. Q3: 1.54 ≤ DII < 2.90. Q4: 2.90 ≤ DII < 5.52, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Advanced_fibrosis patients were grouped according to whether they were defined as advanced liver fibrosis or not, PIR ratio of family income to poverty, Edu educational level, BMI body mass index(kg/mˆ2), Waist waist circumference(cm), Height standing height(cm), WHtR ratio of waist circumference to standing height, SBP systolic blood pressure(mmhg), DBP diastolic blood pressure(mmhg), TC total cholesterol(mg/dL), TG triglyceride(mg/dL), HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(mg/dL), ALB Albumin(g/dL), ALT alanine aminotransferase(U/L), AST aspartate transaminase(U/L), GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase(U/L), PLT platelet count(1000cells/μl), Smoking_status participants were grouped by smoking status acquired by questionnaire