Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants by GDM incidence
| Parameters | All (n = 767) |
GDM (n = 119) |
Non-GDM (n = 648) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 29.0 (27.0–31.0) | 30.0 (28.0–33.0) | 29.0 (27.0–31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 53.00 (48.00–58.00) | 54.50 (49.00–60.00) | 53.00 (48.00–58.00) | 0.142 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.33 (19.53–23.01) | 21.91 (20.20-23.74) | 21.23 (19.44–22.86) | 0.005 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.13 (3.67–4.60) | 4.25 (3.74–4.76) | 4.10 (3.65–4.57) | 0.059 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.23 (2.66–3.10) | 2.90 (2.31–3.30) | 2.62 (2.21–3.09) | 0.004 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.43 (1.22–1.67) | 1.32 (1.12.1.55) | 1.44 (1.23–1.68) | < 0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.00 (0.73–1.41) | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.98 (0.72–1.38) | 0.010 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.12 (4.87–5.37) | 5.21 (4.99–5.49) | 5.10 (4.86–5.35) | 0.002 |
| Gestational hypertension, n (%) | 26 (3.4%) | 5 (4.2%) | 21 (3.2%) | 0.594 |
| Systolic RR, mmHg | 115 (108–121) | 117 (109–124) | 115 (108–121) | 0.200 |
| Diastolic RR, mmHg | 76 (70–81) | 77 (70–81) | 76 (70–81) | 0.308 |
| AMH, ng/mL | 6.23 (4.06–10.28) | 5.24 (3.73–10.62) | 6.49 (4.19–10.28) | 0.096 |
| FSH, mIU/mL | 5.64 (4.81–6.64) | 5.51 (4.58–6.42) | 5.69 (4.85–6.66) | 0.191 |
| LH, mIU/mL | 3.65 (2.59–5.09) | 3.26 (2.29–4.46) | 3.73 (2.67–5.13) | 0.003 |
| Estradiol, pg/mL | 33.00 (27.00–43.00) | 32.00 (24.00–40.00) | 33.00 (27.00–43.00) | 0.046 |
| Testosterone, ng/mL | 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | 0.27 (0.20–0.34) | 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | 0.789 |
| AFC | 15.00 (12.00–21.00) | 14.00 (11.00–20.00) | 15.00 (12.00–22.00) | 0.109 |
| Infertility type | 0.787 | |||
| 1° | 449 (58.5%) | 71 (59.7%) | 378 (58.3%) | |
| 2° | 318 (41.5%) | 48 (40.3%) | 270 (41.7%) | |
| Fertilization method | 0.459 | |||
| IVF | 509 (66.4%) | 84 (70.6%) | 425 (65.6%) | |
| ICSI | 132 (17.2%) | 16 (13.4%) | 116 (17.9%) | |
| IVF + ICSI | 126 (16.4%) | 19 (16.0%) | 107 (16.5%) | |
| Pregnancy type | 0.332 | |||
| Singleton | 496 (64.7%) | 412 (63.6%) | 84 (70.6%) | |
| Multiple | 262 (34.2%) | 227 (35.0%) | 35 (29.4%) | |
| Delivery method | 0.337 | |||
| Normal | 213 (27.8%) | 36 (30.3%) | 177 (27.3%) | |
| Cesarean | 544 (70.9%) | 83 (69.7%) | 461 (71.1%) |
Data is presented as frequency, n (%) or median (IQR, interquartile range). p-values were calculated with the Chi-square (χ2) test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Abbreviations: AFC = antral follicle count; AMH = anti-Müllarian hormone; BMI = body mass index; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone; HDL = high-density lipoproteins; ICSI = intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF = in-vitro fertilization; LDL = low-density lipoproteins; LH = luteinizing hormone; RR = blood pressure; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides