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. 2024 Dec 5;15:103. doi: 10.1186/s13293-024-00680-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Systemic metabolic phenotyping of HFD effects in male and female mice. A Time course of body mass change in male and female mice fed Chow or HFD from 6 to 26 weeks of age. (Three-way RM-ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p < 0.0001], Time [p < 0.0001]). B Lean body mass and body fat percentage measured by QMR at 25 weeks of age. (Lean body mass two-way ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p < 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.0001]; Body fat two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.96], Diet [p < 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.89]). C Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) measured by indirect calorimetry at 25 weeks of age. (Three-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.52], Diet [p < 0.0001], Circadian [p < 0.0001], Diet x Circadian [p < 0.0001]). D Blood glucose concentration time course and area under the curve (AUC) obtained from glucose tolerance test measured at 25 weeks of age. (Glucose time course three-way RM-ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.0253], Diet [p = 0.0216], Time [p < 0.0001]; AUC two-way ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p = 0.0002], Interaction [p = 0.0434]). E Liver triglyceride content and serum alanine transaminase (ALT), endpoint measurements (Liver triglycerides two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.81], Diet [p < 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.0091]; ALT two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.0006], Diet [p < 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.0003]). F Gonadal adipose tissue gene expression, endpoint measurements (Lep two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.21], Diet [p = 0.0002], Interaction [p = 0.71]; Ccl2 two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.33], Diet [p = 0.0004], Interaction [p = 0.56]; Tnf two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.079], Diet [p = 0.028], Interaction [p = 0.46]). G Serum metabolites, endpoint measurements (Cholesterol two-way ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p < 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.41]; Triglycerides two-way ANOVA: Sex [p = 0.28], Diet [p = 0.11], Interaction [p = 0.10]; Amylase two-way ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p = 0.0001], Interaction [p = 0.0086]; Lipase two-way ANOVA: Sex [p < 0.0001], Diet [p = 0.11], Interaction [p = 0.20]). Values are mean ± 95%CI. For boxplots, boxes represent the 25th to 75th percentiles, horizontal line indicates the median, and whiskers demonstrate maximum and minimum values. Fisher’s LSD post-hoc paired comparisons shown for p < 0.10. Sample sizes for each analysis provided in Supplemental Table S3