Table 1.

Modified classification system of cemented stem design after Cassar-Gheiti (2).

Type/subtype	Geometry	General category	Description	Fixation	Cement mantle	Example
1
1a	Double taper, +/− flange, +/− ribs	Polished, collarless	a.p.: thin	Force-closed	2–4 mm	Exeter, CPCS, CPT, MS–30, Expersus, Pyramid, Sirius
			m.l.: wide
			2× tapered distally
			Straight stem
1b	Triple taper	Polished, collarless	a.p.: thin + narrows medially	Force-closed	2–4 mm	C-Stem, Trilliance, TrendHip c, CPCS
			m.l.: wide
			3× tapered distally
2
2a	Rounded, flanged	+/− polished	Round and thick	Shape-closed	2–4 mm	Charnley, Excia, Spectron EF, Elite, Echo FX
		+/− collar	Minimal tapering distally
2b	Tapered, flanged	+/− polished	a.p.: thin	Shape-closed	2–4 mm	Synergy c
		+/− collar	m.l.: wide			Summit c
		Profiled	Straight stem			Bicontact
3
	Mono taper/single wedge	+/− polished	a.p.: thin	Shape-closed + press-fit	0–1 mm	Mueller, CMK, Taperloc c, Quadra c, Avenir c, Corail c, TwinSys c, Generic
		+/− collar	m.l.: wide	3-P-Fixation
		+/− profiled	Self centered	Line-to-line
		Press-fit	Rectangular cross section
			Flat + straight stem
4	Anatomical ‘triple taper’	Curved	Round + wide	Shape-closed	2 mm	Lubinus SP I
		+/− polished	prox.: curved			Lubinus SP II
		+/− collar	dist.: +/curved			Olympia
		+/− profiliert	Neck anteversion
			Right/left version

a.p., anteroposterior; m.l., mediolateral.