Table 4.

Risk factors for developing a bone cement implantation syndrome during cemented stem implantation (3, 19, 20, 22, 23).

Risk factors for BCIS
ASA 3 and 4
Age >65 years
Male
Diuretics
Anticoagulants (warfarin)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Severe cardiopulmonary diseases
Pulmonary hypertension
Osteoporosis
Bone metastases
Proximal femur fractures
Wide femoral medullary canal (≥21 mm)
Cemented long stems
Excessive pressure during application
Revision surgeries