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. 2024 Sep 26;120(6):1325–1334. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.09.022

TABLE 2.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between main flavonoid exposures and incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Exposure
P-trend
Diet score Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Flavodiet score n/cases 30,266/308 30,266/279 30,266/268 30,266/226
Intake (servings/d) 1.5 (0.0–2.4) 3.2 (2.4–3.9) 4.5 (3.9–5.1) 6.0 (5.1–19.2)
Model 1 1 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) <0.001
Model 2 1 1.00 (0.84, 1.18) 0.92 (0.78, 1.10) 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) 0.02
Subclasses
Anthocyanins n/cases 30,266/319 30,266/268 30,266/250 30,266/244
Intake (mg/d) 3.2 (0.0–7.2) 13.4 (7.2–20.6) 29.1 (20.6–40.4) 58.4 (40.4–307.2)
Model 1 1 0.82 (0.69, 0.96) 0.75 (0.63, 0.88) 0.72 (0.61, 0.86) <0.001
Model 2 1 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) 0.92
Proanthocyanidins n/cases 30,266/340 30,266/258 30,266/255 30,266/228
Intake (mg/d) 162.5 (0.0–230.5) 285.7 (230.5–336.4) 387.5 (336.4–447.3) 536.2 (447.3–2338.3)
Model 1 1 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) 0.71 (0.60, 0.83) 0.62 (0.53, 0.74) <0.001
Model 2 1 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) 0.77 (0.63, 0.93) <0.01
Theaflavins and thearubigins n/cases 30,266/288 30,266/283 30,266/273 30,266/237
Intake (mg/d) 0.00 (0.00–83.02) 226.62 (83.02–332.08) 456.61 (332.08–581.14) 747.18 (581.14–1100.19)
Model 1 1 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) 0.90 (0.76, 1.06) 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) <0.01
Model 2 1 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) 0.01
Flavonols n/cases 30,266/307 30,266/290 30,266/250 30,266/234
Intake (mg/d) 13.4 (0.0–20.3) 26.3 (20.3–31.8) 37.3 (31.8–43.5) 51.5 (43.5–161.6)
Model 1 1 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) 0.77 (0.66, 0.92) 0.72 (0.61, 0.85) <0.001
Model 2 1 1.03 (0.88, 1.22) 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) <0.01
Flavones n/cases 30,266/332 30,266/250 30,266/237 30,266/262
Intake (mg/d) 0.3 (0.0–0.5) 0.7 (0.5–0.9) 1.1 (0.9–1.4) 2.0 (1.4–15.6)
Model 1 1 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) 0.69 (0.59, 0.82) 0.77 (0.66, 0.91) <0.01
Model 2 1 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) 0.89
Flavan-3-ols n/cases 30,266/303 30,266/297 30,266/264 30,266/217
Intake (mg/d) 38.9 (0.0–85.3) 128.1 (85.3–166.1) 203.6 (166.1–247.1) 307.0 (247.1–1903.7)
Model 1 1 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) 0.68 (0.57, 0.81) <0.001
Model 2 1 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) <0.01
Flavanones
n/cases 30,266/289 30,266/282 30,266/258 30,266/252
Intake (mg/d) 1.6 (0.0–5.3) 10.8 (5.3–17.9) 25.7 (17.9–35.7) 50.2 (35.7–376.7)
Model 1 1 0.96 (0.81, 1.13) 0.86 (0.72, 1.01) 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) <0.01
Model 2
1
1.09 (0.92, 1.29)
1.02 (0.86, 1.21)
1.01 (0.84, 1.20)
0.90
Flavonoid-rich foods

Low intake
Moderate intake
High intake


Tea n/cases 22,981/226 49,630/461 48,453/394
Intake (servings/d) 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 1.7 (0.2–2.7) 4.0 (2.8–10.5)
Model 1 1 0.91 (0.77, 1.06) 0.78 (0.67, 0.92) <0.01
Model 2 1 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) 0.03
Model 3 1 1.07 (0.90, 1.25) 0.86 (0.72, 1.02) 0.03
Berries n/cases 77,445/715 30,161/257 13,458/109
Intake (servings/d) 0.00 (0.00–0.00) 0.33 (0.10–0.50) 1.00 (0.60–4.00)
Model 1 1 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) 0.16
Model 2 1 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) 0.70
Model 3 1 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) 0.70
Apple n/cases 53,683/540 35,057/308 32,324/233
Intake (servings/d) 0.00 (0.00–0.00) 0.33 (0.10–0.50) 1.00 (0.60–4.00)
Model 1 1 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) 0.69 (0.59, 0.80) <0.001
Model 3 1 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) 0.78 (0.67, 0.92) <0.01
Model 3 1 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) <0.01
Red wine n/cases 76,567/769 23,517/155 20,980/157
Intake (servings/d) 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.5 (0.1–0.8) 1.3 (0.8–6.0)
Model 1 1 0.63 (0.53, 0.75) 0.70 (0.59, 0.83) <0.001
Model 2 1 0.89 (0.73, 1.07) 0.90 (0.75, 1.09) 0.21
Model 3 1 0.89 (0.73, 1.07) 0.90 (0.74, 1.08) 0.20

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Q1–Q4, quantile.

Cox proportional hazard models were used to obtain hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval estimates across categories of flavonoid exposures. P-trend values were obtained by modeling our exposures as continuous in the same test.

Model 1: age as the underlying time variable. Adjusted for sex and further stratified by age (5-y integers).

Model 2: model 1, and further adjusted for sex, education, smoking, deprivation, BMI, physical activity, prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus, number of dietary assessments completed, total energy intake, fiber intake, total coffee intake, nonred wine alcohol intake.

Model 3: model 2 plus summed intakes of other flavonoid-rich foods (servings/day).

Intakes are reported as median (range).