Fig. 3.

Differential analysis of the abundance of each genus in the gut microbiota.

A + HiC, a combined group of patients with ATLL and high-risk HTLV-1 carriers; H + C, a combined group of healthy controls and asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers.

(A) The distribution of P values for 46 bacterial genera with significant differences in abundance according to the two-tailed Brunner–Munzel test (left column, “BM”) and Kruskal‒Wallis test (right column, “KW”). Bacteria with significantly increased abundance compared to H + C are represented as red, and those with decreased abundance are represented as blue on the left side of the heatmap. The color intensity reflects the magnitude of the -log₁₀ (P value). ∗, P < 0.05; ∗∗, P < 0.01. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene sequences.

(B) Comparison of the abundance of each bacterial genus between the A + HiC and H + C groups. The X-axis represents the ratio of the mean relative abundance of each group (fold change) transformed by log₂; the Y-axis represents the P value transformed by -log₁₀. The horizontal line represents P = 0.05. P values were calculated by the two-tailed Brunner–Munzel test. The plot size represents the prevalence of each bacterium (number of subjects) in the A + HiC group.

(C) The relative abundance of seven genera was significantly greater in the A + HiC group (red) than in H + C group (blue). P values were calculated by the two-tailed Brunner–Munzel test.