Fig. 5.

Gut microbial functional modules with altered abundance in the ATLL patient group.

(A) Comparison of KO abundances between patients with ATLL and healthy controls. X-axis, fold change (log₂-transformed) in the mean relative abundance of each bacterium in each group; Y-axis, -log₁₀-transformed P values from pairwise comparisons. The horizontal line represents P = 0.05. P values were calculated by the two-tailed Brunner–Munzel test. The plot size shows the KO prevalence (number of subjects) in the ATLL patient group.

(B) Enrichment analysis of KOs that were significantly more abundant in patients with ATLL. P values are transformed by -log₁₀. The vertical line represents P = 0.05. ∗, q < 0.05.

(C) SSA synthesis module. Abbreviations: HPC, homoprotocatechuate; CHMS, 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde; CHM, 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate; OPET, 5-oxo-pent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate; HHDD, 2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-diene-1,7-dioate; OHED, 2-oxo-hept-3-ene-1,7-dioate; HHED, 2,4-dihydroxy-hept-2-ene-1,7-dioate; SSA, succinic semialdehyde.

(D) Association of KO abundance and genus Klebsiella with the SSA synthesis module. The box plot represents the relative abundance of the KOs (left) and ortholog genes assigned to the KO from Klebsiella (right). The bar plot represents the bacterial composition of the KOs of each subject (right). The top two genera with the highest average relative abundance in at least one KO are displayed.

(E) (F) Cell growth rate. (E) IL-2-dependent ILT-Mat cells and (F) IL-2-independent MT-1 cells treated with SSA. The values represent the means ± s.d. ∗P < 0.05; unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test.