Table 4.

Barley bioactives and their role impact on liver, cancer, skin.

Bioactive Compound	Barley Part	Concentration Range	Purity (%)	Molecular Weight (kDa)	Potential Health Benefits	References
β-glucan	Grain and Grass	2.5–11.3 %	85–90 %	0.2–0.5	Hepatoprotective, immune enhancement	[142,143,[144], [145], [146], [147], [148]]
Phenolic compounds	Grain and grass	4.6–23 mg/g	80–90 %	0.3–1.0	Hepatoprotective, anti-cancer	[149,64,65,66]
Flavonoids	Grain and grass	154–324 mg/100 g	85–90 %	0.3–1.0	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer	[65,[70], [71], [72], [73]]
Anthocyanins	Grain	Varies by variety	80–90 %	0.5–1.0	Antioxidant, hepatoprotective	[75]
Vitamins (A, C, E)	Grass	Varies	90–95 %	N/A	Antioxidant, hepatoprotective	[55,45,108,126]
Minerals (Ca, Fe, Mg, K)	Grain and grass	Varies by mineral	N/A	N/A	Hepatoprotective	[5,31,44,55,58,56,57]
Saponarin	Grass	0.5–1.5 %	85–90 %	0.5–1.0	Antioxidant, hepatoprotective,	[84]
Lignans, Polyamines, Tricin	Grain and grass	10–50 mg/100g	85–90 %	0.2–0.5	Anticancer,	[[142], [143], [150],151,152]