Table 1.
Patient demographics
| Age (years) | 52.08±11.68 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.31±4.03 |
| Gender | |
| • Male | 77 (63.6%) |
| • Female | 44 (36.4%) |
| Race | |
| • White or Caucasian | 101 (3.5%) |
| • Black or African American | 3 (2.5%) |
| • Asian | 2 (1.7%) |
| • Other | 7 (5.8%) |
| • Mixed | 1 (0.8%) |
| • Unavailable/patient declined | 7 (5.8%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| • Hispanic or Latino | 7 (5.8%) |
| • Not Hispanic or Latino | 109 (0.1%) |
| • Unavailable/patient declined | 5 (4.1%) |
| Insurance | |
| • Medicare | 11 (9.1%) |
| • Worker’s compensation | 2 (1.7%) |
| • Private | 108 (89.3%) |
| Educational level | |
| • Less than high school | 0 (0.0%) |
| • High school | 14 (11.6%) |
| • Two year college | 9 (7.4%) |
| • Four year college | 36 (29.8%) |
| • Post-college | 37 (30.6%) |
| • Unavailable | 25 (20.7%) |
| Type of occupation | |
| • Sedentary | 26 (21.5%) |
| • Light | 34 (28.1%) |
| • Medium | 16 (13.2%) |
| • Heavy | 8 (6.6%) |
| • Not employed/retired | 12 (.9%) |
| • Unavailable | 25 (20.7%) |
| Smoking status | |
| • Current smoker | 11 (9.1%) |
| • Former smoker | 29 (24.0%) |
| • Never smoker | 81 (66.9%) |
| Preoperative narcotic use | 22 (18.2%) |
| Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) | 1.25±1.42 |
| American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class | |
| • 1 | 15 (12.4%) |
| • 2 | 101 (3.5%) |
| • 3 | 5 (4.1%) |