Table 1.
Summary of flavonoids, their sources, mechanistic actions, and molecular targets in PC.
| No. | Compound | CAS no. | Molecular weight | Source | Mechanism | Regulates | Regulated by | Binds | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (a) | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | 989–51-5 | 458.38 | Green tea | ↓NF-κB ↓PI3K/AKT pathway | BAX, PTGS2, BCL2L1, NOS2, MMP2, MMP9, APP, TNF, Akt, ERK1/2, BCL2, CDKN1A, IL6, FOS, TP53 | Epicatechin, Sod, CAT, tolcapone, entacapone, Quercetin, alpha-amylase | LEF, APP, Fibrinogen, VIM, NOTCH1, Adenosine Receptor, GABA-A receptor, TP53 | (16–28) |
| (b) | Apigenin | 520–36-5 | 270.23 | Celery | ↑NKcell、↓NF-κB、↑ROS、↓PI3K/AKTpathway | Vegf, MMP9, ICAM1, BCL2L1, BCL2, Ccl2, CASP3,NFkB(complex),TNFRSF10B,IL6, CXCL3,CCL3L3,PTGS2, VCAM1, CCL4 | MUC1, benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, verlukast, SULT1A1, ABCG2 | RPS9, ESR2, P glycoprotein, estrogen receptor, SLC25A5, ESR1, ABCG2, AHR, TNF | (29–38) |
| (c) | Baicalein | 491–67-8 | 446.36 | Baikal Skullcap Root | ↓NF-κB、↓TNF-α ↓NEDD9、↑SHH pathway |
BCL2, BAX, NOS2, Vegf, HMOX1, Akt, reactive oxygen species, IL6, KDR, MMP1, CASP3, ERK, lipid, RBL1, DDIT3 | – | Estrogen receptor, SNCA | (39–51) |
| (d) | Wogonin | 632–85-9 | 284.26 | Scutellaria baicalensis | ↓Nrf2/GPX4 | BCL2, BAX, NOS2, Vegf, HMOX1, Akt, reactive oxygen species, IL6, KDR, MMP1, CASP3, ERK, lipid, RBL1, DDIT3 | – | Estrogen receptor, SNCA | (52–55) |
| (e) | Chrysin | 480–40-0 | 254.23 | Seeds of Bignoniaceae wood butterfly | ↑GPER、↓CBR1、ROS → Autophag、Ferroptosis | MUC5AC, CYP1A1, HMOX1, Vegf, reactive oxygen species, FLT1, transcription factor, ICAM1, SELE, PDE5A, NT5E, CXCL1, ADORA2B, IL6, STAT3 | Tecto Chrysin, Apigenin, 3-methylcholanthrene, oltipraz, luteolin, acacetin, 6-hydroxyflavone, 7-hydroxy-5-methylflavone, diosmetin | P glycoprotein, CSNK2A1, CSNK2B, CSNK2A2, ESR2 | (56, 57) |
| (f) | Quercetin | 117–39-5 | 302.23 | Ginkgo biloba extract | ↓SHH↑TGF-β1/Smad2/3↓MMP、↓PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway↑STAT3/IL-6 pathway | TNF, HMOX1, Hsp70, TP53, HIF1A, CASP3, AR, nitric oxide, Vegf, Akt, NFE2L2, IL6, MMP9, MUC5AC, BCL2L1 | LCT, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Kaempferol, verapamil, ABCG2, tocopherol, UGT1A4, D-glucose | P glycoprotein, ESR2, PI3K (complex), ESR1, Calcineurin, Calcineurin protein(s) | (58–65) |
| (g) | Rutin | 153–18-4 | 610.51 | Herb of Grace | ↑ miR-877-3p↓ Bcl-2 transcription | NOS2, PTGS2, advanced glycation end-products, ROs, NA, D-glucose, Sod, CDH1, SOX2, CD44, Cellular Adhesion Molecule, NANOG, BCL2, MYC, Ca2+ | N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, verapamil | P glycoprotein, Pdi, estrogen receptor | (66) |
| (h) | Fisetin | 528–48-3 | 286.23 | Coggygria | ↓PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway ↓NF-κB、↑RFXAP | BCL2L1, MMP9, NFKBIA, P38 MAPK, Vegf, TP53, BCL2, CCND1, RELA, Cbp/p300, Akt, FOS, cytokine, BAX, CDH1 | – | SUMO1, estrogen receptor | (67–71) |
| (I) | Myricetin | 529–44-2 | 318.23 | Myrica rubra | ↓PI3k pathway | Akt, PTGS2, MMP1, CYP2C9, P38 MAPK, nitric oxide, MAPT, rhodamine-123, NS5, CYP2D6, C, PI3K (complex), POLY, orf1ab, RNMT | Adenosine triphosphate, verapamil | PIM1, estrogen receptor, MAPT, FYN | (72) |
| (j) | Kaempferol | 520–18-3 | 286.24 | Kaempferia galanga | ↓PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway ↓NF-κB ↓ROS | Alp, BCL2L1, Akt, BCL2, TNF, PTGS2, CASP3, MMP9, CDKN1A, JAK3, PI3K (complex), CASP1, NFkB (complex), NA, malondialdehyde | CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP1A1, sulfaphenazole, furafylline | NADPH oxidase, ESR2, ESR1, estrogen receptor, PI3K (complex), TNF | (73, 74) |
| (k) | Naringenin | 480–41-1 | 272.25 | Tomentose Pummelo PeelFortune’s Drynaria Rhizome | ↑TGF-β1/Smad pathway→EMT | Akt, TLR2, APOB, triacylglycerol, MTTP, PON1, SMAD3, PI3K (complex), TSLP, PPARGC1A, cholesterol ester, LDLR, mir-29, SOAT2, TLR4 | K-252 | Estrogen receptor, ESR2 | (75–79) |
| (l) | Isoliquiritigenin | 961–29-5 | 256.25 | Liquorice Root | ↑CD4+ ↑ CD8+ T ↑p38 MAPK ↓Autophagy |
PTGS2, Vegf, MMP9, MMP2, reactive oxygen species, NOS2, KDR, BAX, SERPINF1, IL6, CCN2, IL1B, BCL2, hydrogen peroxide, IL5 | – | Estrogen receptor, NMDA Receptor | (80–85) |
| (m) | Xanthohumol | 6,754-58-1 | 354.4 | Lightyellow Sophra Root | ↓NF-κB、 ↓VEGF、IL-8、 ↓JAK/STAT、↓Notch1pathway |
NFkB (complex), RUNX2, SREBF1, Akt, C18 acylcarnitine, C5 acylcarnitine, C17 acylcarnitine, linolenic acid hydroperoxide, C16:3 acylcarnitine, C8 acylcarnitine, C8:1 acylcarnitine, C20:4 dicarboxylic acid, C24 acylcarnitine, C15 acylcarnitine, C20:4 acylcarnitine | nitro-blue tetrazolium | Sec23, Sec24c | (86–91) |
| (n) | Silibinin | 22,888–70-6 | 482.44 | Blessed Thistle Fruit | ↓Bcl-2 、 Bcl-xl ↑Bax 、 Bim ↓Autophagy |
CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDK4, CCND1, NOS2, CDK2, PTGS2, CCNB1, CASP3, IGFBP3, MMP9, CDK6, CCNE1, MYC, Vegf | – | – | (92–96) |
| (o) | Puerarin | 3,681-99-0 | 416.38 | Lobed Kudzuvine Root | ↓Bcl-2/Bax、↓Akt/mTOR | CASP3, CASP9, NOS3, reactive oxygen species, ABCB1, BAX, TXN, BCL2, PTGS2, RETN, CYP19A1, Anti-inflammatory Cytokine, LEP, MAPK1, GSK3B | - | – | (97) |
| (p) | Icariin | 489–32-7 | 676.66 | Short-horned Epimedium Herb | ↑ Bax Cleaved Caspase-3, ↓Bcl-2, ↑miR-9 ↓Wnt/β、NF-κB pathway |
Alp, BCL2L1, ADCY2, ADCY9, ADCY10, COL1A2, RUNX2, Collagen Alpha1, Pka catalytic subunit, SLC2A4, Creb, cyclic AMP | – | – | (98–105) |
| (q) | Morusin | 62,596–29-6 | 420.5 | White Mulberry Root - bark | ↓NF-κB、STAT-3 | BCL2L1 | – | – | (106) |
| (r) | Anthocyanins | 14,051–53-7 | 287.2437 | Flowering plant | Regulating Pancreatic Cancer Cell Migration | cholesterol, LEP, TRAF2, lipid, BDNF, DPP4 | Magnesium, pyrogallol, carbon dioxide | – | (107) |