Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 3,402) | Depression | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 3,228) | Yes (n = 174) | |||
| Age, years, mean (±S.E) | 46.76 (±0.83) | 46.81 (±0.82) | 45.70 (±2.10) | 0.565 a |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.574 b | |||
| Female | 1752 (50.92) | 1,654 (50.82) | 98 (52.97) | |
| Male | 1,650 (49.08) | 1,574 (49.18) | 76 (47.03) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.126 b | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1710 (72.45) | 1,638 (72.79) | 72 (65.00) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 762 (11.06) | 707 (10.73) | 55 (18.32) | |
| Mexican American | 697 (8.03) | 659 (7.97) | 38 (9.37) | |
| Other Race | 233 (8.46) | 224 (8.51) | 9 (7.32) | |
| PIR, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| <1.85 | 1,219 (24.57) | 1,119 (23.49) | 100 (48.29) | |
| ≥1.85 | 2076 (72.90) | 2004 (73.89) | 72 (51.30) | |
| Unknown | 107 (2.53) | 105 (2.62) | 2 (0.42) | |
| Marriage, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| Married/Living with partner | 2,211 (67.63) | 2,118 (68.28) | 93 (53.24) | |
| Single/Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 1,191 (32.37) | 1,110 (31.72) | 81 (46.76) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| Below high school | 904 (16.60) | 834 (16.12) | 70 (27.10) | |
| High school/GED or Equivale | 802 (24.43) | 749 (23.88) | 53 (36.52) | |
| Above high school | 1,696 (58.97) | 1,645 (60.00) | 51 (36.39) | |
| Height, cm, mean (±S.E) | 169.03 (±0.24) | 169.07 (±0.24) | 168.30 (±0.85) | 0.374 a |
| Weight, kg, mean (±S.E) | 81.70 (±0.84) | 81.60 (±0.83) | 84.04 (±2.65) | 0.337 a |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.919 b | |||
| <25 | 1,024 (33.15) | 973 (33.13) | 51 (33.66) | |
| ≥25 | 2,378 (66.85) | 2,255 (66.87) | 123 (66.34) | |
| PA, MET·min/week, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| <450 | 670 (20.49) | 645 (20.69) | 25 (16.07) | |
| ≥450 | 1,433 (47.34) | 1,396 (48.36) | 37 (24.92) | |
| Unknown | 1,299 (32.17) | 1,187 (30.95) | 112 (59.01) | |
| Sleep duration, hours, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| 7–9 | 2054 (62.80) | 1990 (63.85) | 64 (39.74) | |
| <7 | 1,264 (35.24) | 1,159 (34.15) | 105 (59.25) | |
| >9 | 84 (1.96) | 79 (2.00) | 5 (1.00) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.001 b | |||
| No | 1808 (51.88) | 1744 (52.92) | 64 (29.21) | |
| Yes | 1,594 (48.12) | 1,484 (47.08) | 110 (70.79) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | 0.400 b | |||
| No | 476 (11.33) | 451 (11.45) | 25 (8.61) | |
| Yes | 2,926 (88.67) | 2,777 (88.55) | 149 (91.39) | |
| House smoker, n (%) | 0.001 b | |||
| 0 | 2,801 (82.07) | 2,680 (82.73) | 121 (67.59) | |
| 1–2 | 548 (16.18) | 501 (15.68) | 47 (27.22) | |
| ≥3 | 53 (1.75) | 47 (1.59) | 6 (5.19) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.010 b | |||
| No | 1,662 (49.93) | 1,595 (50.70) | 67 (33.06) | |
| Yes | 1740 (50.07) | 1,633 (49.30) | 107 (66.94) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.011 b | |||
| No | 2,971 (90.43) | 2,833 (90.75) | 138 (83.41) | |
| Yes | 431 (9.57) | 395 (9.25) | 36 (16.59) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0.504 b | |||
| No | 968 (29.46) | 927 (29.62) | 41 (25.93) | |
| Yes | 2,434 (70.54) | 2,301 (70.38) | 133 (74.07) | |
| CVD, n (%) | 0.002 b | |||
| No | 3,070 (92.28) | 2,928 (92.58) | 142 (85.65) | |
| Yes | 332 (7.72) | 300 (7.42) | 32 (14.35) | |
| Asthma, n (%) | 0.304 b | |||
| No | 3,003 (87.39) | 2,854 (87.54) | 149 (83.95) | |
| Yes | 399 (12.61) | 374 (12.46) | 25 (16.05) | |
| Hay fever, n (%) | 0.334 b | |||
| No | 3,057 (87.15) | 2,899 (86.99) | 158 (90.75) | |
| Yes | 345 (12.85) | 329 (13.01) | 16 (9.25) | |
| Sinus infection, n (%) | 0.112 b | |||
| No | 2,943 (84.66) | 2,803 (85.03) | 140 (76.45) | |
| Yes | 459 (15.34) | 425 (14.97) | 34 (23.55) | |
| Topical steroids, n (%) | 0.461 b | |||
| No | 3,389 (99.52) | 3,215 (99.50) | 174 (100.00) | |
| Yes | 13 (0.48) | 13 (0.50) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Topical emollients, n (%) | 0.829 b | |||
| No | 3,401 (99.99) | 3,227 (99.99) | 174 (100.00) | |
| Yes | 1 (0.01) | 1 (0.01) | 0 (0.00) | |
| Antihistamines, n (%) | 0.805 b | |||
| No | 3,310 (95.96) | 3,142 (95.98) | 168 (95.50) | |
| Yes | 92 (4.04) | 86 (4.02) | 6 (4.50) | |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 0.126 b | |||
| No | 3,386 (99.38) | 3,214 (99.46) | 172 (97.59) | |
| Yes | 16 (0.62) | 14 (0.54) | 2 (2.41) | |
| Energy, kcal, mean (±S.E) | 2098.19 (±25.09) | 2102.43 (±24.67) | 2005.02 (±56.58) | 0.066 a |
| Serum vitamin D, nmol/L, mean (±S.E) | 61.11 (±1.22) | 61.36 (±1.22) | 55.57 (±2.45) | 0.020 a |
| IgE, kU/L, mean (±S.E) | 133.51 (±7.75) | 133.86 (±8.23) | 125.79 (±21.79) | 0.750 a |
| Eczema, n (%) | <0.001 b | |||
| No | 3,190 (92.67) | 3,039 (93.06) | 151 (84.06) | |
| Yes | 212 (7.33) | 189 (6.94) | 23 (15.94) | |
| CDAI, Mean (±S.E) | 0.23 (±0.09) | 0.29 (±0.09) | −1.23 (±0.33) | <0.001 a |
| CDAI, n (%) | 0.002 b | |||
| High | 851 (26.88) | 820 (27.48) | 31 (13.71) | |
| Low | 2,551 (73.12) | 2,408 (72.52) | 143 (86.29) | |
| Vitamin A, mcg, mean (±S.E) | 606.11 (±15.10) | 610.96 (±14.76) | 499.73 (±44.14) | 0.016 a |
| Vitamin C, mg, mean (±S.E) | 82.85 (±2.32) | 83.90 (±2.28) | 59.72 (±7.41) | 0.005 a |
| Vitamin E, mg, mean (±S.E) | 7.14 (±0.15) | 7.20 (±0.15) | 5.87 (±0.42) | 0.007 a |
| Magnesium, mg, mean (±S.E) | 290.35 (±2.79) | 292.34 (±2.70) | 246.65 (±9.46) | <0.001 a |
| Selenium, mcg, mean (±S.E) | 107.83 (±1.57) | 108.47 (±1.56) | 93.87 (±4.18) | 0.002 a |
| Zinc, mg, Mean (±S.E) | 12.41 (±0.31) | 12.49 (±0.33) | 10.61 (±0.64) | 0.019 a |
S.E, standard error; aWeighted t-test; bRao-Scott Chi-square test; CDAI, composite dietary antioxidant index; PIR, income-to-poverty ratio; BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IgE, immunoglobulin E.