Fig. 5. Data analyses of Application 1.

a Power flow of the IEEE 9-bus microgrid system with PoT-based secondary control. b Moment of occurrence of cyber-attacks on all 15 signals of the DC microgrid. c Defend performance against attacks on the control signal u₁ of the DC microgrid with PoT-based secondary control. Near dense and sparse points in b form one set of data, and there are 15 sets of data in total. In each set of data, the dense and sparse dots represent the original attack and the effective attack imposed on PoT, respectively. The meanings of the variables in the figure are available in Supplementary Table 2.