Table 4.

Models of social cohesion and constructs chosen for measurement.

Locus and aspect under analysis		References
Interpersonal relationships
	Provision of social support	[38,48,52,55,57,60,61,63,72,82,90,93,97,109,113,131]
	Interpersonal reciprocity	[53,104]
	Information sharing	[38,72,104]
	Number of social interactions	[39,41,44-46,48,49,56,59,67,89,94,96,120]
	Quality of social connections	[41,45,46,49,55,61,64,73,76-78,84,89,90,92-95,113,117,120,132,133]
	Relative salience of different types of social relationships	[44-46,54,120]
	Within ethnic group	[43,48,72,73,82]
	Within professional group	[107,128]
Sameness and difference
	Interethnic group relations	[63,72,82,106]
	Shared identity	[13,43,44,49,75,78,99,134]
	Norms	[58,91,94,109,134]
	Values	[69,93,95,109,121]
	Behavioral conformity	[38,58,69,72,122]
Working together for the good of the collective
	Collective action	[38,48,50,74,75,87,103,111,114,115,124]
	Cooperation	[49,69,90,99,102,114]
	Collaboration	[88,125]
	Limited conflicts of interest	[117]
	Pursuit of a shared goal	[101,107,109,121]
	Meeting social responsibility	[13,38,64,87,94,108,119,122]
	Orientation to common good	[50,68,85]
	Mutual aid	[84,117]
	Altruism	[50,73]
	Solidarity	[50,91,108,117,118,121,122,135]
The sum of individual group members’ emotions or perceptions
	Feelings of togetherness	[13,43,65,69,74,94,122,131]
	Trust in others in the nation	[44,46,66-68,75,79,90,108,119]
	Trust in those from local community	[39,41,43,44,51,53,57,61,64,67,68,73,75-77,84,85,90,91,95,105,109-111,119,132]
	Trust in others to follow public health rules	[42-44,69]
	Trust in politicians or political institutions	[43-45,48,50,67,69,75,78,79,86,87,90,96,98,99,111,119]
	Perceived cohesion	[41,85]
	Feelings of belonging	[13,43,49,53,60,64,65,67,79,82,86,105,109,110,131]
	Feelings of safety	[65,73,130]
The operation of institutions and structures of governance
	Effectiveness of democracy	[108,123]
	Integrity of the social contract	[116]
	Within-nation inequality	[79,115,116,119]
	Action to uphold human rights	[98,135]
	Strength of state institutions	[108,121,125]
	Integration of state institutions	[85,99,126]
	Management of disorder	[127,130,135]
	Effective leadership	[115,125]
Locally or culturally specific expressions		[50,69,88,90,91,103]
Hybrid or multidimensional models		[13,48,67,69-71,75,82,99,121,129,135]