TABLE 1.
Comparative picture of the previously published cases of Strongyloidiasis (SHS & disseminated strongyloidiasis) during COVID‐19 pandemic a .
| SI No. | Year of publication | Author [Ref. No.] | Age (Years), Sex (M/F), Country of origin | Immunosuppressant used [Duration/Dosage] | Interval between COVID‐19 and Strongyloidiasis symptoms onset | Chief complaints | Investigations Findings | Treatment provided | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | Other specimens | |||||||||
| 1 | 2024 | Setake [21] | 91, M, Japan |
1. Dexamethasone [Not Mentioned] 2. Baricitinib [Not Mentioned] |
30 days |
1. Abdominal pain 2. Vomiting 3. Loss of Appetite |
1. No eosinophilia or eosinopenia |
1. Sputum Microscopic Exam. (M/E)—Strongyloides sp. larvae 2. Stool M/E—Negative |
Delayed diagnosis & treatment with Ivermectin | Deceased |
| 2 | 2023 | Busaidi [22] | 55, M, Oman |
1. Dexamethasone [6 mg/day for 5 days, and was prescribed 10 mg on a tapering dose for 5 weeks] |
30 days |
1. Diarrhea 2. Nausea 3. Loss of Appetite |
1. Eosinophilia | 1. Stool M/E—Rhabditiform larvae of Strongyloides sp. | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
| 3 | 2023 | Hamze [23] | 64, M, Cuba |
1. Dexamethasone [6 days] 2. Methotrexate (for Rheumatoid Arthritis) |
Not specified |
1. Diarrhea 2. Epigastric pain 3. Loss of Appetite |
1. Eosinophilia 2. Strongyloides serology (ELISA)—Positive |
1. Stool M/E—Positive | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Deceased |
| 4 b | 2023 | Soleymani [19] | 67, W, Iran | 1. Oral Prednisolone (10 mg) daily for Myasthenia Gravis | Not Applicable |
1. Fever 2. Diarrhea 3. Vomiting 4. Weakness |
1. Eosinophil count—Normal |
1. Stool M/E—Positive for Rhabditiform larvae 2. Stomach tissue biopsy—Numerous eggs, Rhabditiform, and Filariform larvae |
Ivermectin | Deceased |
| 5 | 2022 | Alkaabba [16] | 76, M, USA |
1. Dexamethasone [5 days] |
14 days |
1. Diarrhea 2. Abdominal pain 3. Vomiting 4. Nausea 5. Anorexia |
1. Eosinophilia |
1. Stool M/E—Positive |
Ivermectin | Improved |
| 6 | 2022 | Babazadeh [24] | 70, M, Iran | 1. Dexamethasone [10 days] | 21 days |
1. Chest discomfort 2. Nausea 3. Loss of Appetite |
1. Eosinophilia | 1. Gastric and Duodenal Biopsy—Numerous eggs, Filariform larvae of Strongyloides sp. | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
| 7 | 2022 | Feria [25] | 44, M, Bolivia |
1. Dexamethasone [7 days] |
7 days |
1. Itching 2. New urticarial lesion on abdomen |
1. Eosinopenia 2. Strongyloides serology (ELISA)—Positive |
Not done | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 8 | 2022 | Feria [25] | 74, F, Honduras | 1. Dexamethasone [10 days] | 10 days | 1. Itching |
1. Eosinopenia 2. Strongyloides serology (ELISA)—Positive |
Not done | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 9 | 2022 | O'Dowling [26] | 60, F, Nigeria | None (Asymptomatic COVID‐19) | Not determined | 1. Abdominal pain | 1. Strongyloides serology—Positive | 1. Small bowel resection specimen—Presence of parasites of Strongyloides sp. | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 10 | 2022 | Kim [12] | 63, M, Cambodia |
1. Dexamethasone [10 days] 2. Baricitinib [5 days] |
28 days |
1. Fever 2. Worsening Respiratory Failure |
1. Initially, Eosinopenia. then, Eosinophilia 2. Strongyloides Serum IgG—Positive |
1. Stool M/E—Negative 2. Broncho Alveolar Lavage (BAL) fluid M/E—Parasites of Strongyloides sp. |
Ivermectin | Deceased |
| 11 | 2022 | Singh [18] | 58, M, India | 1. Methylprednisolone [Duration not mentioned] | 6 days |
1. Abdominal pain 2. Vomiting 3. Itching |
1. Eosinophilia | 1. Stool M/E—Positive for Rhabditiform Larvae | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
| 12 | 2021 | Gautam [3] | 53, M, India | 1. Methylprednisolone [5 days] | 60 days |
1. Fever 2. Diarrhea 3. Abdominal discomfort |
1. Eosinophil count—Normal |
1. Stool M/E—Rhabditiform larvae 2. Stool Culture—Filariform larvae and adult female parasites |
Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
| 13 | 2021 | Marchese [27] | 59, W, Italy |
1. Dexamethasone [11 days] 2. Tocilizumab [2 doses] |
25 days |
1. Abdominal pain 2. Itching |
1. Eosinophilia 2. IFAT serology—Positive |
1. Stool M/E—Positive for Rhabditiform larvae | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 14 b | 2021 | Norman [20] | 69, M, Colombia |
1. Prednisolone 5 mg daily 2. Docetaxel, Atezolizumab, Ipatasertib (For stage IV prostate cancer with bone metastasis) |
Not Applicable |
1. Abdominal pain 2. Vomiting |
1. Eosinophil count—Normal 2. Strongyloides serology (ELISA)—Positive |
1. Stool M/E—Negative 2. BAL fluid M/E—Filariform larvae |
Ivermectin | Improved |
| 15 | 2021 | Núñez‐Gómez [28] | 45, M, Ecuador | 1. Dexamethasone [Duration not mentioned] | 12 days |
1. Itching 2. Rash on trunk |
1. Strongyloides serology screening—Positive | 1. Stool Culture—Filariform larvae | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 16 | 2021 | Patel [15] | 72, M, Nicaragua | 1. Dexamethasone [Duration not mentioned] | Not mentioned |
1. Persistent fever 2. Diarrhea |
1. Eosinophilia |
1. Stool M/E—Positive for Rhabditiform larvae 2. BAL gram stain—Larvae‐like body of Strongyloides sp. |
Ivermectin | Improved |
| 17 | 2021 | Pintos‐Pascual [29] | 70, M, Ecuador |
1. Methylprednisolone [5 days] 2. Tocilizumab [8 days] 3. Anakinra [10 days] |
55 days |
1. Fever 2. Diarrhea 3. Epigastric pain 4. Vomiting 5. Nausea 6. Loss of appetite 7. Itching |
1. Eosinophilia 2. Strongyloides serology—Positive |
1. Stool M/E—Positive for Rhabditiform larvae | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
| 18 | 2021 | Stylemans [30] | 59, M, Ecuador |
1. Methylprednisolone [1 month] 2. Anakinra [Duration not mentioned] |
60 days | Asymptomatic |
1. Eosinophilia 2. Strongyloides serology—Positive |
1. PCR of Stool sample—Positive for Strongyloides sp. | Ivermectin | Improved |
| 19 | 2020 | Lier [17] | 68, M, Ecuador |
1. Methylprednisolone [8 days] 2. Tocilizumab [1 dose] |
18 days |
1. Fever 2. Confusion |
1. Eosinophilia | 1. Sputum Culture–Positive for Rhabditiform larvae | Ivermectin & Albendazole | Improved |
The cases are sorted based on the publication year.
Cases were reported during the COVID‐19 pandemic but were not associated directly with COVID‐19.