Table 1.

Measures of variables in risk factor-resilience networks across all study participants

Measure	Description	Scoring	Total score/subscales	α
PHQ-9 (Martin et al[34], 2006)	Measures the severity of depression	9 items 4-point scale ranging from "never" (1 point) to "very often" (4 points)		0.886
MASHS (Feng et al[35], 2008)	Measure the method and severity of self-harming behavior in an adolescent's lifetime	18-item, the first part: A 4-point scale ranging from (0, 1, 2–4, 5, and more); the second part: A 5-point scale (0 = none to 5 = extremely severe	The frequency of NSSI behavior is categorized into two parts (frequency and severity)	0.84
S-EMBU-C ( Jiang et al[36], 2010)	Assess parenting styles experienced during childhood years	21 items. 4-point scale ranging from “Never” (1 point), “Occasionally” (2 points), “Frequently” (3 points), and “Always” (4 points)	Two parts to three dimensions: Rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection	0.827
CTQ-SF (Bernstein and Fink[37], 1998)	Measure traumatic childhood experiences	28-item 5-point scale (1 = never, 2 = once, 3 = twice to four times, 4 = five times or more)	PA, EA, SA, PN, and EN	0.871
OBVQ (Solberg and Olweus[38], 2003)	Evaluate traditional school bullying, encompassing physical, verbal, and relation and attitude to bully	14 item 5-point Likert scale (1 = never happened, 2 = altogether once or twice, 3 = 2–3 times per month, 4 = once a week, 5 = several times a week)	Traditional bullying, another to physical bullying, and a third to attitudes towards bullying behaviors	0.72
RSCA (Hu and Gan[39], 2008)	Assess resilience	27-item 5-point scale (1 = never, 2 = once, 3 = twice to four times, 4 = five times or more)	Five components of resilience (goal concentration, emotion regulation, positive perception, FS, and interpersonal help)	0.82
MPAI(Leung[40], 2008)	Assess the levels of mobile phone addiction among the participants, and it has good reliability and validity	17 items 5-point Likert scale (1 = never, 5 = always)	4 subscales: ICCS, FALS, WES, and PLS	0.86

PHQ-9: The Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression scale; MASHS: Modified adolescents self-harm survey; S-EMBU-C: The short Chinese Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostra; CTQ-SF: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form; OBVQ: The Chinese version of the Orvis Bullying/Victimization Questionnaire; RSCA: Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents; MPAI: The mobile phone addiction index scale amended by Leung; PLS: The productivity loss subscale; WES: The withdrawal and escape subscale; FALS: The feeling anxious and lost subscale; ICCS: The inability to control cravings subscale; FS: Family support; EN: Emotional neglect; PN: Physical neglect; SA: Sexual abuse; EA: Emotional abuse; PA: Physical abuse; NSSI: Non-suicidal self-injury.