Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants*
| Original trial cohort (n = 511) |
Follow-up study cohort (n = 361) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Intervention (n = 263)
|
Control (n = 248)
|
Intervention (n = 185)
|
Control (n = 176)
|
P-value† |
|
Child characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Child sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
139 (53) |
123 (50) |
95 (51) |
89 (51) |
0.90‖ |
|
Female
|
124 (47) |
125 (50) |
90 (49) |
87 (49) |
|
| Child age in months, x̄ (SD) |
7.4 (0.8) |
7.3 (0.9) |
7.4 (0.9) |
7.3 (0.9) |
0.28¶ |
| Exclusive breastfeeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes
|
184 (70) |
178 (72) |
124 (67) |
130 (74) |
0.42‖ |
|
No
|
79 (30) |
70 (28) |
61 (33) |
46 (26) |
|
| Length-for-age z-score, x̄ (SD)‡ |
−1.07 (1.15) |
−1.21 (1.24) |
−1.06 (1.20) |
−1.17 (1.30) |
0.39¶ |
| Weight-for-age z-score, x̄ (SD)‡ |
−0.63 (1.10) |
−0.72 (1.13) |
−0.64 (1.10) |
−0.70 (1.10) |
0.64¶ |
| Weight-for-length z-score, x̄ (SD)‡ |
0.12 (1.21) |
0.15 (1.26) |
0.10 (1.20) |
0.16 (1.30) |
0.76¶ |
| Cognitive composite score, MD (IQR)§ |
100 (15) |
105 (20) |
100 (15) |
105 (20) |
0.43** |
| Language composite score, MD (IQR)§ |
104 (14) |
100 (14) |
103 (21) |
100 (20) |
0.14** |
| Motor composite score, MD (IQR)§ |
105 (14) |
104 (15) |
105 (21) |
103 (21) |
0.61** |
| Child dietary diversity score, x̄ (SD) |
3.3 (1.6) |
2.8 (1.6) |
3.3 (1.7) |
2.7 (1.6) |
<0.001¶ |
|
Maternal characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal age in years, MD (IQR) |
25 (9) |
26 (9) |
26 (8) |
27 (8) |
0.37** |
| Maternal education level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None/primary
|
173 (66) |
166 (67) |
123 (67) |
125 (71) |
0.83‖ |
|
Lower secondary
|
64 (24) |
62 (25) |
47 (25) |
39 (22) |
|
|
Tertiary
|
26 (10) |
20 (8) |
15 (8) |
12 (7) |
|
| Maternal parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<5 children
|
187 (71) |
184 (74) |
129 (70) |
119 (68) |
0.66‖ |
|
≥5 children
|
76 (29) |
64 (26) |
56 (30) |
57 (32) |
|
| Household characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
| Household head age in years, MD (IQR) |
30 (11) |
30 (13) |
30 (10) |
30 (13) |
0.17** |
| Household number of years in school, x̄ (SD) |
6.2 |
3.1 |
6.1 |
3.0 |
0.11¶ |
| Poverty score, MD (IQR) |
49 (17) |
49 (18) |
49 (13) |
49 (17) |
0.55** |
| Household member size |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3–5 members
|
150 (57) |
139 (56) |
105 (57) |
92 (52) |
0.39‖ |
| 6–13 members | 113 (43) | 109 (44) | 80 (43) | 84 (48) | |
IQR – interquartile range, MD – median, SD – standard deviation, x̄ – mean
*Presented as n (%) unless specified otherwise.
†The P-values (cluster-adjusted) compare the two study groups in the follow-up cohort.
‡The anthropometrical z-scores were calculated based on the WHO growth standards.
§The developmental composite scores were assessed based on Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Test-III.
‖χ2 tests.
¶T-tests.
**Rank sum tests.