Table 4.
Multivariable analysis of baseline characteristics associated with visual TOVA z-scores*
| Visual TOVA mean response time z-scores |
Visual TOVA response time variability z-scores |
Visual TOVA commission errors z-scores (inhibition/impulsivity) |
Log visual TOVA omission errors z-scores (sustained attention/inattention) |
Visual TOVA D-prime z-scores (ability to differentiate between target and non-target stimuli) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Variable
|
Adjusted β (95% CI)
|
FDR-adjusted P-value
|
Adjusted β (95% CI)
|
FDR-adjusted P-value
|
Adjusted β (95% CI)
|
FDR-adjusted P-value
|
Adjusted β (95% CI)
|
FDR-adjusted P-value
|
Adjusted β (95% CI)
|
FDR-adjusted P-value
|
| Study group |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Control
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
|
Intervention
|
0.73 (0.21, 1.25) |
0.02 |
1.01 (0.44, 1.58) |
<0.001 |
0.86 (0.27, 1.45) |
0.001 |
0.13 (0.05, 0.21) |
0.003 |
0.45 (0.25, 0.66) |
<0.001 |
| Child sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Male
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
ref |
|
|
Female
|
−0.17 (−0.53,0.19) |
0.35 |
−0.07 (−0.47, 0.34) |
0.75 |
−0.83 (−1.21, −0.45) |
<0.001 |
−0.35 (−0.43, −0.28) |
<0.001 |
−0.56 (−0.70, −0.43) |
0.02 |
| Age in months |
0.16 (−0.052, 0.37) |
0.21 |
0.109 (−0.126, 0.346) |
0.61 |
0.06 (−0.16, 0.29) |
0.57 |
0.03 (−0.01, 0.079) |
0.16 |
0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) |
0.21 |
| Weight-for-length z-scores |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
−0.11 (−0.18, −0.04) |
0.04 |
| Cognitive composite score |
- |
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.04) |
0.008 |
0.02 (0.002, 0.03) |
0.04 |
|
|
0.01 (0.001, 0.012) |
0.02 |
| Motor composite score |
0.016 (0.002, 0.029) |
0.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
None/primary level
|
- |
|
|
|
ref |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lower secondary
|
- |
|
|
|
−0.17 (−0.64, 0.31) |
0.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
Tertiary
|
- |
|
|
|
0.66 (−0.08, 1.40) |
0.14 |
|
|
|
|
| Maternal parity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than five children
|
ref |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Five or more children
|
0.59 (0.16, 1.01) |
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty score |
-
|
|
−0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
0.74 |
−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) |
0.33 |
0.0002 (−0.003, 0.004) |
0.92 |
0.001 (−0.004, 0.007) |
0.58 |
| Child dietary diversity score | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.21 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.17 | ||||||
β – correlation coefficient, CI – confidence interval, FDR – false discovery rate, ref – reference, TOVA – test of variables of attention
*Full list of exposure variables explored in the regression analysis are shown in Table S4 in the Online Supplementary Document. Here we only report independent variables selected for inclusion in multivariable models