Table 2.
Studies associating PPI with CV outcomes.
| Study (year) | Study type | Primary end point | Key findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Juurlink et al. (2010) | Case-Control | MI risk | Found evidence of a loss of beneficial effect on clopidogrel when used with PPI other than pantoprazole. | [17] |
| Kreutz et al. (2010) | Observational study | MACE | Observed an increased rate of MACE on concomitant PPI and clopidogrel use. | [18] |
| Bhatt et al. (2010) | Randomized controlled trial | MACE and GI events | Found decreased rate of GI events without increased risk of cardiovascular events with omeprazole use. | [20] |
| Charlot et al. (2010) | Observational cohort study | MACE and CV death | Observed increased cardiovascular risk associated with PPI use, independent of clopidogrel use | [13] |
| Charlot et al. (2011) | Observational cohort study | MACE and CV death | Observed increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events in aspirin and PPI-treated patients with first-time myocardial infarction. | [21] |
| Stockl et al. (2010) | Observational study | CV rehospitalization risk | Found increased risk of rehospitalization with PPI and clopidogrel use. | [22] |
| Shah et al. (2015) | Observational study | MI risk | Observed increased risk of myocardial infarction with PPI use. | [34] |
| Sherwood et al. (2015) | Meta-analysis | CV outcomes | Found increased risk of CV events of mortality in patients taking PPI. | [35] |
| Lázaro et al. (2017) | Observational study | Heart failure and death | Found increased risk of heart failure and death with PPI use. | [26] |
| Dahal et al. (2017) | Meta-analysis | MACE and GI events | Concluded that PPIs improve GI outcomes without an increased cardiovascular risk. | [27] |
| Moayyedi et al. (2019) | Randomized controlled trial | Safety of PPIs | Demonstrated no difference in CV outcomes in patients receiving PPI with either rivaroxaban or aspirin. | [29] |
| Rooney et al. (2021) | Longitudinal cohort | CV events and hypomagnesemia | Observed increase in CV events and hypomagnesemia in elderly PPI users. | [32] |
| Bell et al. (2021) | Observational study | Cardiovascular disease and heart failure | Found increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure with PPI use. | [28] |
| Nolde et al. (2022) | Meta-analysis | Cardiovascular events | Found no increased risk on first CV events in long term PPI use. | [6] |
| Jeridi et al. (2023) | Meta-analysis of RCT | MACE | Found concomitant PPI and clopidogrel use was linked to an increased risk of MACE. | [33] |
CV: Cardiovascular; GI: Gastrointestinal; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular event; MI: Myocardial infarction; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; RCT: Randomized control trial” to table dictionary