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. 2024 Sep 23;10:e2280. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2280

Table 2. Feature description and reason for inclusion.

Feature name Type Description Reason for inclusion
TransactionID Categorical Unique identifier for each transaction Identifies each transaction uniquely
TransactionDT Numerical Time from a reference datetime Captures timing patterns of transactions
TransactionAmt Numerical Transaction amount Identifies unusual transaction amounts
ProductCD Categorical Product code Differentiates between types of transactions
card1–card6 Categorical Payment card information (type, category, bank, etc.) Provides detailed card information
addr1, addr2 Numerical Address information Helps detect location-based anomalies
dist1, dist2 Numerical Distance between transaction and cardholder’s address Identifies discrepancies in expected distances
P_emaildomain Categorical Purchaser email domain Identifies unusual email domains for fraud detection
R_emaildomain Categorical Recipient email domain Identifies unusual email domains for fraud detection
C1–C14 Numerical Count features Indicates frequency of transactions
D1–D15 Numerical Time deltas between different interactions Measures recency of transactions
M1–M9 Categorical Match features (e.g., address match, card match) Detects inconsistencies in transaction data
V1–V339 Numerical Vesta engineered rich features Complex features capturing various transaction details
DeviceType Categorical Type of device used for transaction Identifies device-related anomalies
DeviceInfo Categorical Information about the device Identifies device-related anomalies